The Little Conspirator (Translation in Burmese)

jrefrmbmomjyefxkwfa0ol. trSmpm

T " ykefuefolav; " trnfay;xm;onfh pmtkyfi,fonf wESpfav;}udrfxkwfa0aom e,l;-b&ef0pfcf ,leD AmpDwD. (1986)ckESpf rdk;OD;us "0da&m"d " pmapmifrS " The Little Conspirator " tm; bmomjyefqdkjcif; jzpfygonf?

,if;aqmif;yg;onf &dkref/ trf/ abmfa&udk; ESifh tif'&D,ma0: wdk@u rl&if; ydkvefbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefa0xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

t=urf;rzuf 'Drdkua&pDta&;}udK;yrf;ae=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf taxmuftuljyKrnf[k ,lq ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tpmtkyfu tm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awGudkoHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf?

xdk@jyif pmtkyfxJwGif “zwfyg” “zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg”/ wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg” qdkwJh trSmvnf;yg ygonf?

odk@&mwGif Oya'/ yk'fr rsm;onf ydkvefOya'rsm;om jzpfygonf?

1

ykefuefolav;

ed'gef;

bmomjyefolrsm;[m vGefcJhwJhaqmif;OD;aygufu ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;udk tm;vHk;bJ pdwf0ifpm;rdoGm;=uw,f? 'geJ@bJ rm&S,favm a=unmt+yD;/ ydkvefjynf ajratmufvSKyf&Sm;r_}uD;&Jh wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_ vrf;a=umif;udk ynm&Sifqefqef okawoevkyfief;oufouftaeeJ@ pwifavhvmcJh=uygw,f? acsa*GAm;&m;/ &D*spf'DZm;/ z&ef@zmEGef eJ@ umvdk@rm&D*,fvm wdk@oHk;cJhwJh ajratmufenf;vrf;awGeJ@ ydkvefjynfrSmoHk;aewJhenf;p epfawGudk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmEdkifzdk@ 'D “ykefuefolav; ” pmtkyfudk bmomjyefvdkuf=uygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfuav; t=urf;bmomjyef+yD;wJhtcg ydk+yD;us,fus,fjyef@jyef@zwfEdkifatmif vkyf&ifaumif;r,fvdk@ pOf;pm;rdvm=uygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfu tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awGudkoHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;w,f? 'g[m vnf; ydkvefrSm pepfwus pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;+yd;om;&SdaewJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief;}uD;&Jh tjrift,ltqawG a=umifhygbJ?

'geJ@ usaemfwdk@vnf; 'Dpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cGifh&zdk@eJ@/ wcsdK@r&Sif;wJhtcsufawGudkar;zdk@ “ykefuefolav; ” xkwfa0olawGudk “aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;” vrf;a=umif; uwqifh csOf;uyfcJh=uygw,f? olwdk@&Jh ueOD;wkef@jyefcsuf uawmh cyfjywfjywfbJ³³³ “xkwfa0cGifh ray;Edkifbl; ”wJh? 'D ajratmufvufpGJpmapmifav;[m ydkvefjynf jyify rSm b,folu pdwf0ifpm;rSmvJqdkwm&,f/ bma=umifh usaemfwdk@u'kuQcH+yD; 'Dvdk&l;a=umifa=umiftvkyfawGudk vkyfae&wmvJ³³³qdkwmawGudk em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfaeygw,f? taemufEdkifiHu y&dowfawG 'DvufpGJpm apmifav;udk bma=umifh pdwf0ifpm;=ur,fqdkwmudk tawmfav; aqG;aEG;+yD;awmhrS xkwfa0cGifh jyKvdkuf=uygw,f? awG@qHkar;jref;zdk@vnf; cGifhjyKcJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ar;cGef;awGudk pmeJ@a&;ar;cJh+yD;/ tajzawGudk vnf; =um;cHyk*~dKvfawGuwqifhbJ &cJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cGifh&cJhwJhol[m “ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ” tcef;udk a&;cJholvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? olu emrnfrazmfcsifbJaevdk+yD;/ ckvdk ynm&Sifrsm;&Jh ar;jref;jcif;cH&wmudkvnf; odwf}udKufyHkr&ygbl;? tcsuftvuf jynfhjynfhpHkpHkay;vdkuf&if CND xkwfa0a&; wdkuf&Jh vHk+cHKr_udk xdcdkufrSm olpdk;&drfwmvdk@ em;vnfEdkifygw,f?

“ykefuefolav; ”pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwm ydkvefrSm rm&S,favma=unmt+yD; &mZowf}uD;eJ@ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'wdk@udk rjyifqifrD a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwmyg? tJ'Dumv[m (1982)aEGOD; jzpfzdk@rsm;wmu rwf vavmufuyg? “quf&ef&Sdao;onf” CND xkwfa0a&;wdkuf[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;utrnfwl ajratmuftpk wpk&Jh tpdwftydkif;wckyg? 'Dtpkudk (1981) 'DZifbm(13)&uf csufavm'DvufuD;1u rm&S,favma=unmt+yD;/ wdkufyGJ0ifol(200) odk@r[kwf(300)&JhtultnDeJ@ 0gaqmrSm xlaxmifcJhygw,f? tkyfpk&Jh oauFwpmvHk;}uD; CNDay:rSm ydkveftvH aemufjyefvGifhaewJhyHk[m yxrawmh &ifxdk;awGtjzpfay:vm+yd;/ aemufawmh vrf;ab; tkwfeH&HawGeJ@ wHwdkif;awGay:udk (1982)Zefem0g&DrSm a&mufvmygw,f?

CND [m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ / puf&Hkaygif;pHktvkyform;aumfrwD MRKS eJ@ eD;eD;pyfpyf tquftoG,f&Sdygw,f? MRKS[m (1982) 0gaqm&Jh t&J&ifhqHk;ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;yg? quf&ef&Sdao;onf tpk[m yxrqHk; tywfpOf CNDowif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhygw,f? 'g[m MRKS&Jh tmabmfowif;pmyg? ykefuefolav; udk xkwfa0jzef@csdvdkufwm[m CND&Jh yxrajcvSrf;yg? 'DvufpGJpmtkyfudk 0gaqmrSmxkwfa0cJhwmvdk@ usaemfwdk@odxm;ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu +rdK@awmfw0dkuf vHk+cHKa&; *dwfawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ wif;=uwfxm;wma=umifh +rdK@xJudk tjyifuoGif;zdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifvdk@yg? yxrydkif; pmapmif awGudk=unfh&wm 'DvufpGJpmtkyfudk ausmufyHkESdyf eJ@ t&nftaoG;cyfnHh A4 t&G,f puULay:ul;,l+yD;rS A6 t&G,f vufeJ@jzwf+yD; csKyfpufeJ@ csKyfxm;yHk&ygw,f? puULeJ@ rifawGuawmh rm&S,favmrwdkifcif odrf;qnf;xm; cJhwJh “aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@” vufusefypPnf;awGjzpfyHk&ygw,f? pmapmifawGudk Kolporters awGu ausmydk; tdwfawG/ aps;jcif;awmif;awGxJrSm ypPnf;awGatmufu 0Suf+yD; wae&mu wae&mudk o,fydk@ay;=uw,f? +yD;awmhrS ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh rdwfaqGawGuwqifh tdrfawGrSmvdkufa&mif;=uw,f? rl&if;aps; b,favmufqdkwm

2

rod&ayr,fh/ trsm;tjym;udk tcrJhjzef@cJhwmyg? ykefuefolav;[m (25)uae(50)ZavmfwD(1982)arSmifcdkaps;eJ@ qdk tar&duefa':vm(5)qifhrS(10)qifh wefzdk;&SdrSmyg? 'Dvrf;a=umif;awGubJwqifh pmapmifa&mif;&aiGawGudk xkwfa0olqD jyefydk@ay;=uygw,f?

'DvufpGJpmapmifav;[m a&wdka&ma&&SnftwGufyg tusdK;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhygw,f? usaewJhpdwfawGudk jrSifhwifay;EdkifcJhw,f? v_yf&Sm;r_[m touf0ifaeqJ qdkwmudkjycJhw,f? r=umcif v_yf&Sm;r_[m t&Sdefjyef&vm r,f qdkwmvnf; ,Hk=unfapcJhw,f? 'ghtjyiftm%m&Sifpepfatmufu rm&S,favma=unmxm;wJh+rdK@awmfrSm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_&SdwJh/ pepfuswJhqef@usifykefuefr_wck vkyfvdk@&w,fqdkwm oufaojycJhygw,f?“ykefuefolav;”rSm yg0ifwJh ta=umif;t&mawGuawmh ta&;}uD;+rJ/ }uD;qJygbJ?

ydkvefjynfwv$m; jyef@usJaewJhtpkav;awGudk erlemyHkpHHay;EdkifcJh+yD; b,fvdkykefuef&r,fqdkwJh owif; tcsuftvufudkvnf;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? xkwfa0olawGuawmh ol@pmapmifav;udk b,favmuftxd tusdK;jyKcJh w,fqdkwm xifjrifcsufay;avmufatmif ta&;r}uD;bl;vdk@xifovdk b,favmufxda&mufr_&SdcJhw,fqdkwmudk ppfa=um=unfhvdkpdwfvnf; r&Sdygbl;?

“v#dK@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@&J@ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawG&Jh wkef@jyefyHkudkawmh od&w,fAsm? olwdk@ b,fvdkenf;awGoHk; wwfw,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@ odxm;wmudk/ pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfwmawmh aocsmw,f?

“a[haumif³³³ “you” udkrif;zwf+yD;r[kwfvm;? rzwf&ao;bl;vm;? rif;!$ef=um;csufawG &xm;+yD;

+yDayghav³³³ [kwfvm;? rif;wdk@&Jh “you” qdkwm t&l;wa,mufua&;xm;wmuG? 'DaumifhrSm Oya'eJ@

ywfoufvdk@ bmA[kokwrSr&Sdbl;?”

aemufwcku ‘ykefuefolav;’[m EdkifiHawmf&kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ ygwDtmabmfowif;pm Trybuna Ludu rSm ta&;w,lazmfjycH&wJh ajratmufpmapmif tenf;pkav;xJuwckjzpfygw,f? “aemufxyf jyifqifxkwfa0 &r,fhrlwck&Sdr,f qdk&ifaum b,favmufae&mawGudk jyifcsifygovJ”qdkwJh usaemfwdk@ar;cGef;udkawmh oltckvdk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jyef=um;cJhygw,f?

“'kwd,ydkif;uawmh jyefa&;&r,f? tcsuftvufopfawG xyfjznfh&r,f? yxrydkif;rSmvnf; jyifp&mawG

&Sdao;w,f? txl;ojzifh v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@&Jh axmufvSrf;a&;enf;pepfawGrSmaygh? w,fvDzkef; =um;jzwf

em;axmifwm toHcdk;em;axmifwm pwJh apmifh=unfha&;enf;pepfawGaygh ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;

awGrSm 'geJ@ywfoufvdk@ ,Hk=unf&avmufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGuvnf; csdK@wJhwma=umifh &Dp&m

awG/ twif;tzsif;awG/ yHkjyifawGvdk jzpfoGm;wwfw,f? ‘b,fvdkykefuefrvJ’qdkwJhtcef;udkawmh ‘b,f

vdkaexdkif&rvJ’qdkwJhtcef;udkawmh ‘b,fvdkaexdkif&rvJ’qdkwJhtcef;opfwck xyfjznfhay;&r,f?

(axmifxJrSm b,fvdkae&r,f? jzwfoef;&r,fqdkwmudk a&;xm;wmyg?) ar#mfrSef;csuf}uD;vSwJh 'Dtcef; u awmh axmifxJrSm a,m*usifhzdk@eJ@ wjcm; udk,fhudk,fudk xdef;csKyfEdkifwJhenf;awGudk a&;rSmyg? tJ'DvdkbJ

wjcm;ta&;}uD;wJh tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJqifwmeJ@ twif;t=uyftpmcGH@wmudk b,fvdkwkef@jyef&r,fqdkwm

awGvnf;ygrSmaygh? ‘ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ}uD;’ tcef;uawm ckxdrSefuefqJyg?

xyfjznfh&rSmawGuawmh ppfa=uma&;twGif;xGufcsufrsdK;pHkay;cJh&wJh tusOf;om;awGeJ@ b,fvdkxGuf csufrS ray;cJhwJhtusOf;om;awGeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cef;awGyg?”

'DawG@qHkar;jref;cef;rSm u|Ekfyfwdk@owif;axmuf}uD;u ykefuefolav;a&;om;ol&Jh aemufa=umif;&mZ0if/ trnf/ ok&JhuH=urRm³³³pwmawGudk ajymcsifyHkr&ygbl;? 'Dpmapmifudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmwJh usaemfwdk@tvkyfudk vJ uef@uef@owfowfomvkyfzdk@ t}uHay;cJhygao;w,f?

bmyJjzpfjzpf aocsmwmuawmh usaemfwdk@&Jh ajratmufowif;axmuf}uD;u “ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ” tcef;udk a&;cJholjzpfzdk@rsm;ygw,f? “EdkifiHom;ESifh v#dK@0Sufykvdyf”tcef;uvnf; NOWa u tJ'DemrnfeJ@bJ t&if uxkwfa0cJhbl;wmudk tajccHxm;wmvdk@vnf;od&ygw,f? NOWa (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jzef@csd a&;vkyfief;awGvkyfcJhwJh t}uD;qHk;ajratmufxkwfa0a&;tpkyg?

3

usaemfwdk@&Jh =um;cHyk*~dKvfrsm;u CND udkwnfaxmifol *sL;trsdK;om; Adokum Creslaw Priecki (Maciej Poleski) vdk@ vlodrsm;ol&Jh uH=urRmta=umif;udk vlod&Sif=um;vkyfzdk@ cGifhawmif;cHcJhygw,f? ol[m (1981) 'DZifbm(13)rSm pa&SmifcJh&+yD;/ (1985){+yD(13)rSm tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? (1985) atmufwdkbm(13)xJu tpmiwfcHaewm/ twif;t=uyftpmcHG@cH&ayr,fh/ (1986)Zefem0g&DvukefrSm udk,ftav;csdef aygif(60)avmuf usoGm;yg+yD?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD; Zm&lZJpuD; &Jh tpdk;&udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefwdkufcJholjzpfwma=umifh ‘ykefuefolav;’&Jh yxrtcef; ‘b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ’udk a&;cJhwJhol[m oljzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGudk ‘teD’ awGvdk@ oHk;wwfwJhol@"avhu 'gudk!$efjyaew,fav? ‘ykefuefolav;’udka&;om;zdk@ trdef@ay;cJhol[m olbJjzpf+yD; olra&;wJhtydkif;awGudk udk,fwdkifwnf;jzpfcJholjzpfw,fvdk@ajymjycJhygw,f?

‘ykefuefolav;”udk ta&twGuf b,favmufxkwfa0cJhw,fqdkwm&,f/ xkwfa0a&;tpk b,favmuf u xkwfa0cJhw,fqdkwmawGuawmh rSef;qzdk@ cufygw,f? pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmh ‘zwfyg’/ ‘zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg’ ‘wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkEdSyfxkwfa0yg’qdkwJh trSmawGeJ@csn;yg?

'Dpmapmif[m ydkvef&Jh (1982)aqmif;OD;&moDrSm tay:vGifqHk;pmapmifwck jzpfcJhygw,f? av#mhav#mhaygh ayghcef@rSef;&ifawmif aomif;*%ef;/ odef;*%ef;txdjzef@csdEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ rSef;&ygw,f?

taemufOa&myrSm tenf;qHk; rlESpfrl &dkufEdSyfxkwfa0cJh+yD;/ yHkrSeft&G,feJ@ t&G,fao;qdkufawGudk ydkvef jynfwGif; cdk;oGif;EdkifcJhygw,f?

'Dbmomjyef[m Roman M Boreyko (trnf0Suf)eJ@ Andre Ya Dean wdk@&Jh yl;aygif;}udK;yrf;r_jzpf ygw,f? bmomjyefr_udk wdusatmif +AdwdefEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh ydkvefvlrsdK;todkif;t0dkif;xJuwOD;u ulnDcJhygw,f? 'Dvl uvvnf; emrnfraz:vdkyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ol@&Jh tzdk;wefvSwJhtultnDeJ@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_udkawmh aus;Zl; pum; qdkcsifygw,f?

usaemfwdk@[m rl&if;a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"wfeJ@tmabmfudk trDvdkufcsifayr,fh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmbJ tcuftcJawG@cJh&ygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdk ykefuefolav;&Jh ta&;tom;[m cyfjrLjrL; cyfavSmifavSmif a&;xm;wm a=umifhyg? [mo[m³³³ 'Dpmapmif&Jh cGJjcm;r&EdkifwJh tpdwftydkif;jzpfaewmaumifh 'gudkawmh usaemfwdk@ wwfedkifoavmuf xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f?

bef;pum;awG tvGeftu|HoHk;xm;wmudkvnf; teD;pyfqHk tar&duefbef;pum;awGeJ@ zvS,fxm; ygw,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm &Sif;vif;csufawG/ xifjrifcsufawGxnfhay;zdk@vdkwmudkvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGmawG@& wwfwma=umifh pmzwfolwdk@tusdK;twGuf(vufonf;uGif;)twGif; xnfhay;xm;ygw,f?

‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’ tcef;rSmawmh b,ftydkif;utopf/ b,ftydkif;u jyefjyifa&;xm;wm/ b,ftydkif;u NOWa &Jhrl&if;qdkwmawG jyxm;ygw,f?

rl&if;pmrl a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"wfeJ@&nf&G,fcsufudk trDvdkufzdk@ usaemfwdk@ twwfEdkifqHk;}udK;yrf;xm;yg w,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&wm tawmfcufw,fqdkwmawmh awG@&ygw,f? “ykefuefolav;”udka&;xm;wJh[efu “cyfjrL;jrL;av;”a&;xm;w,f? r=umc% oa&mfpm[efawGoHk;xm;w,f? [mo[m 'DvufpGJpmapmifav;&Jh cGJjcm;r&wJhtpdwftydkif;rdk@ twwfEdkifqHk; xdef;odrf;zdk@}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? bef;pum;awGudkvnf; tawmfav;oHk; wma=umifh wwfEdkifor# teD;pyfqHk; tar&duefbef;pum;awGeJ@ zvS,fxm;ygw,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm &Sif;vif; csufawG/ oabmxm;rSwfcsufawG ay;zdk@vdkwm r=umc%awG@&wma=umifh 'gawGudk pmzwfolwdk@tusdK;twGuf vufonf;uGif;twGif;xnfhay;xm;ygw,f?

“EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf”tcef;rSmawmh b,f[mutopf/ b,f[mu jyefjyifa&;xm;wm/ b,f[m NOWa&Jhrl&if;qdkwm cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f? (jrefrmjyefwGifvnf; atmufajcrSwfpkY az:jyxm;ygonf?

4

(rl&if;)xkwfa0ol.trSm

“ykefuefolav;” ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcsdefxd ,m,Dtm;jzifh vGwfvyfaewJh olawG&Jh

pkaygif;}udK;yrf;csufyg?

'Dpmtkyfav;&Jh yxrydkif;udkzwf+yD;&if/ usefwJhESpfydkif;&Jh t}uH ^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmh

yg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udkzwf+yD;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;udk zwfwJhtwGuf bma=umifh

w&m;rpGJEdkifbl;qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrfhr,f? wwd,ydkif;udk

zwf+yD;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGudk em;vnfatmif }udK;pm;oifh

w,fqdkwm odvmygvdrfhr,f?

5

rmwdum

(u) b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ (vufopfrsm;ESifh 0g&ifhrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf vrf;!$ef)

rlvZpfjrpf

ajratmuf

ukrR%D

ukefpnf

b¾ma&;

tpnf;ta0;rsm;

qufom;

rSwfpkpmtkyf

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f

csuGufao

&Hk;oGm;

tH0Sufrsm;

ajratmufyHkESdyfpuf

ykvdyf

t+rD;

tdk; (axmifacsmuf)

pD;eif;jcif;

axmifwGif;b0

emusifr_

qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;

a=umuf&GH@r_

tcsufjy

pdwWZ

odzdk@vdkonf

vGwfvyfa&;

(c) “EdkifiHom;ESifh v#dK@0Sufykvdyf”

orRmefpm

xdef;odrf;jcif;

&SmazGjcif;

ppfa=uma&;

6

(*) ppfa=uma&; upm;yGJ}uD;

(*) &nf!$ef;pmpkpm&if;

7

b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ

(ydkvef&Sd qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepf qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ.)

rlvZpfjrpf

tcsdK@aom ydkvefvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk@awmh teDawGudkqef@usifwJhwdkufyGJ[m ydkvefudk qdkAD,ufawG0ifodrf;wJh(1944) uwnf;u pcJhwmyg? tjcm;olawGtwGuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ[m (1956) “ydkvefatmufwdkbmawmf vSefa&;”rSm pcJhygw,f? 'DvdkbJ ‘tmpl;’ eJ@ ‘&m'Gef;’rSm ZGeftvkyform;&duQmvkyGJawGjzpfwJh(1976)xd 'Dpnf;&Hk;r_ r&Sdao;wJhv_yf&Sm;r_xJudk vlawG0ifvmrpJ&Sdygao;w,f?

tcsdK@aomolawGtwGufawmh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(aqmfvpf'g&wD)udk pwif arG;zGm;vdkufwJh ae@u p+yD; 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;pygw,f? tvm;wlbJ tcsdK@olawGtwGufawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Zm&lZJpuD; u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=u nmvkdufwJh(1981)'DZifbm(13)&ufu 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_udkpcJhygw,f?

b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf/ b,fvdkbJ pygcJh ygcJh/ aocsmwmuawmh 'D =urRmiifwJh 'DZifbmw&ufrSmbJ ykefuefr_ jzpfawmhr,fqdkwJhtodudk tm;vHk;bJ&cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcdkuftwef@av;rSmbJ ydkvefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m a=umuf&GH@r_ wHwdkif;}uD;udk ausmfjzwfEdkifcJh+yD; “v#dK@0SufwJhajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_w&yfuom vGyfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;Edkifw,f’ qdkwm b,fol@udkrS ajzmif;zsajymaep&m rvdkawmhygbl;? “'Denf;vrf;eJ@om vGwfvyfwJh vlr_taqmuftODawG udk wnfwef@ae apvdrfhr,f? nwGif;csif;+zdKzsufjcif;cH&r,fhtEW&m,fu uif;a0;apvdrfhr,f”vdk@ ,Hk=unfapcJh ygw,f?

“teDawGeJ@ywfoufvm&if b,fawmhrS avsmhrwGufygeJ@” ? udk,fhzufutavsmhay;p&m/ temcHp&m &Sdwmudk tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif *&kpdkufyg? okwdk@odwJh Oya'wckbJ&Sdw,f? ‘vufwacsmif;&&if/ vufwzufvHk; & &r,fwJh’? olwdk@udk vufwacsmif;ay;vdkuf&if oifudk,fwdkifrodvdkufcifrSmbJ vufwzufvHk; ygawmhr,f?

ydkvefjynf ykefuefr_jzpfpOf[m tm%mydkifawGeJ@ olwdk@&Jhv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m w&m;r0ifbl;qdkwJhtay:rSm tajccHygw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m olwdk@vufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkawmif vdkufemwmr[kwf bl;? 'gwifvm;qdkawmh r[kwfao;bl;? ajrwdkufcef;awGrxm;&bl;qdkwJh ykvdyf!$ef=um;csufawGudkvnf; vdkkufem wmr[kwfbl;?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;

(tpnf;t&Hk;)

tºuGif;rJ@ v#dK@0Suf}uHpnfa&;(ykefuefa&;)qdkwJh t,ltq[m tm;vHk;odwJh pHjyyHkpHyg? tJ'guawmh tzrf;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ tcef;usOf;av;xJ wcg;ydwfae+yD;? bmrSrvkyfwJhenf;yg? aemufwcku ajratmufcef;xJrSmae/ urBmtESH@ t&yfav;rsufESmudk qufom;awGv$wfaewJhvluvnf; ykefuefa&;vkyfvdk@r&yg? wu,fh v#dK@0Suf }uHpnfa&;orm;[m ykvdyfutvdk&SdaewJhol rjzpfap&bl;? “aemufa,mifcHtvdkufcHae&ol’ rjzpfap&bl;? UB (ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@) u ol@ta=umif; bmrSrodolomjzpf&r,f? t&yf0wf v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ wtdrfxJ txyfcGJae+yD;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifolomjzpf&r,f?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;av;wckudk oifpwifwnfaxmif+yDqdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD;qHk;u yxr oifeJ@twl wGJzuf}uHpnf(ykefuef)r,fholawGudk oifh&Jh t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGawGxJu &SmazGyg? 'DvlawG[m oif ESpfaygif;rsm; pGm odcJhol/ aemufa=umif;&Sif;olawGjzpf&ygr,f? oifhajratmuftaqmuftODav;udk tajccHwnfaqmufrd+yDqdk wmeJ@ aemufvkyf&rJhtvkyfu tjcm; ajratmuftpkrsm;eJ@ qufoG,frdzdk@yg? wu,fppfrSefwJh ajratmuftzGJ@ tpnf; wckr&SdbJeJ@ q&m}uD;*dkuf rzrf;ygeJ@? tJ'Dvdkvkyfrd&if wu,fr&SdwJh pdwful;,OfqefwJhajr atmuftODudk

8

zefwD;rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f? oifhvdkbJ pdwful;xJrSmom ajratmuftaqmuftOD&SdwJholawG eJ@ qufoG,f rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f?

vdkwmu vHk@v/ 0D&d,&SdwJh/ &dk;om;r_&SdwJh vlwa,mufyg? 'DvdkvlrsdK;u ajratmuftaqmuftODudk wnfaqmufrdzdk@vdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dt&m &Sdvm+yDqdkwmeJ@ tcsdefeJ@ pGrf;tm;awGtrsm;}uD;oHk;+yD;/ tppftrSef eJ@ pdwful;,Ofr_udk cGJjcm;Edkif&r,f? tvkyfjzpfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfvmatmif }udK;yrf;&r,f?

qmrmqD,mwdkufyGJ}uD; udk vlawGrarh=uao;ayr,fh wu,f toufpGef@vkyfoGm;wJh oluawmh odwf rrsm;vSygbl;? 'ga=umifh oifhvlrsm;eJ@ oifudk,fwdkif&Jh vHk+cHKa&;udk owdxm;zdk@vdkygw,f?

ajratmufvkyfief;udk pwmeJ@ }uHK&wwfwmu tajccHjyifqifa&;vkyfief;awGudk rvkyfEdkifawmhwmyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ckvdk tajccHowdrl&r,fh tcsufawGudk rvkyfrdwm[m vlxk}uD;&Jh ar#mfrSef;csufudk tcsdefrD jznfh qnf;ray;Edkifwmxuf tEW&m,fydkrsm;ygw,f?

jynfolvlxkeJ@ waoG;wnf;wom;wnf;&Sda=umif;jywmudk b,fyHkpHeJ@rqdk ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;uae }udKqdkoifhygw,f? wdwfqdwfaewJh vlrsm;pk}uD;u usaemfwdk@eJ@twl &Sdaew,fqdkwJhyHkpH jzpfzdk@vnf;vdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdkudkawmh 'Dvdk v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;xJ qGJroGif;ygeJ@? rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfta=umif;a&;xm;wJh 0wˆKawGrSmom 'grsdK;udk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f?

ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awG }uHK&avh&SdwJh tajccHtrSm;(2)ck&Sdw,f? yxrwcku udk,fhudk,fudk }uD;us,fatmifvkyfwm? }uD;us,fw,fvdk@xifaewm? ajratmufawmfvSef;a&;orm;rSm 'Da&m*gpGJuyfoGm;&if vlxkaxmufcHr_udk qHk;&_H;&awmhr,f? aemuftrSm;u “trSefwu,f pGef@pGef@pm;pm;vkyfzdk@ jyifqifxm;wJholu tenf;pkav;bJ&Sdwmudkar@+yD; vlxkudk t&rf;xifxm;wm”jzpfw,f?

ajratmuftpk[m ukodkvfjzpftzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfyg? ydkif;jzwfr_&SdwJh vlw&mu w0ufwysufom pdwf0ifpm;wJh vlwa,muf&Jh aponfhu|ef/ xGefonfhEGm;/ jzpf&efrvdkyg? olwdk@[m b,favmufbJ&dk;om;onf jzpfap/ olwdk@&Jhpnf;pdrfOpPmudkawmh rpGef@v$wfvdkyg? olwdk@rlu “cifAsm;wdk@u *k%foduQmeJ@aew,f/ usaemfwdk@u ZdrfeJ@aer,f”

ukr`%D

(ajratmuftpkonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wckESifhwlonf)

ajratmuftpkonf aocsmusepGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;xm;rSom pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm xda&mufpGm tvkyfvkyf Edkifr,f? wOD;csif;pD atmufajcupwifzGJ@pnf;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;tjrif uGJvGJayr,fh ydkvefjynf}uD;vGwfajrmufa&;qdk wJh bHkOD;wnfcsufeJ@ vGwfvyfaom ‘ukr`%D’rsm;&Jh vkyfief;t& qufpyfxm;wJh pkaygif;tzGJ@tpnf;wckom jzpfw,f?

ukr`%Dtcsif;csif;t=um; vlxkaxmufcHr_ &zdk@eJ@}uD;xGm;zdk@ ,SOf+ydKifwm[m ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;vHk+cHKr_ udk tEW&m,fvnf;rjzpfapEdkif/ xdvnf; rxdcdkufEdkif/ odk@aomf xdcdkufapwm/ tEW&m,frsm;apwm[m uGJvGJwJh/ usifh0wfeJ@ rnD!GwfwJh/ w&m;enf;vrf;ruwJh +ydKifqdkifr_omjzpfw,f? tJ'Djzpf&yfrsdK; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;ujzpf cJhbl;w,f?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hkk;&Jh Oya'o[m tpki,fu }uD;rm;wJhvkyfief;udk vkyfEdkifw,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tpk[m udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifh&Sdavav acsr_ef;cH&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;enf;avav/ jy\em enf;avavjzpfygw,f? jyify tquftoG,fa&m tpkwGif; tquftoG,fudkyg tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;r,f?

pepfusewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wckvdkbJ oD;oef@uvmyfpnf;wckpD[m ukefacsmudk wjcm;ukr`%Drsm; odk@ tenf;qHk;tquftoG,feJ@ ay;ydk@&r,f? 'g[m oifhtpktwGufaum/ tjcm;tpkrsm;twGufyg tEW&m,frus a&mufzdk@ jzpfygw,f? ajratmuftpkrSm usdK;a=umifqDavsmfwJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Jh pDrHcef@cGJr_enf;pepfawG usifhoHk;zdk@vdkygw,f? 'g[m uGefjrLepfawGu zsufqD;ypfzdk@}udK;pm; aewJht&mbJ?

ေျမေအာက္အစုဟာကုမၸဏီတခုလိုဘဲႀကီးထြားလာတဲ့အခါကုမၸဏီခြဲေတြလိုလာတယ္။ရွိလာ

ရတယ္။ဒါကို ဘာလို႔လဲဆိုတာ အရင္ၾကည့္ဖို႔ အေျခခံ ေအာက္ေျခယူနစ္ကစရမယ္။(အရင္ မိုးပ်ံတဣသိုလ္ ပုံစံလိုဘဲ အေျခအေနက လိုအပ္လာၿပီဆိုတာေသခ်ာေတာ့မွ ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာေတြရုိက္ဖို႔ပံုႏွိပ္စက္ေတြေထာင္၊ဒီပံုႏွိပ္စက္ေတြကပဲတရားမဝင္ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာအုပ္ေတြအတြက္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ေတြေထာင္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္။

oD;oef@uvmyfpnf;opfwck/ ur`%DcGJwckaxmifzdk@ vdk+yDqdkwmudk A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepft& txufu qHk;jzwf&r,fqdkwJht,ltq[m usaemfwdk@acwf+ydKif ydkveftawG;tac:awGxJ qdkAD,ufyHkpHtoGif;cHxm;&wmudk jywJh rSm;,Gif;wJh/ yHkpHuswJh/ azmfjycsufwckbJ?

tvm;wltrSm;u vlr_w&m;r#wr_qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ t&m&m tnDtr#cGJa0a&; oabmw&m; bJ? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm vHk+cHKa&;onfom t"du/ vlr_w&m;r#wr_ r[kwfbl;?

uvmyfpnf;[m oifwdk@tm;vHk;&Jh uvmyfpnf;bJ? OD;‘u’}uD;wa,mufxJ&Jh uvmyfpnf;r[kwf? tH0SufawGvkyfzdk@ vuform;wa,mufudk &xm;+yDqdkygpdk@? tJ'Dvuform;udk wjcm;uvmyfpnf;awGxH tvm;wl vkyfief;vkyfzdk@ v$Jay;&efrvdkyg? olwa,mufxJu trsm;}uD;odoGm;&if oltzrf;cH&wJhtcg trsm;}uD;'kuQay; vdrfhr,f?

ajratmuf,lepfwck[m vkyfief;p+yDqdkwmeJ@ acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ[m rvdktyfwJh jyifytquftoG,ftm; vHk;udk jzwf+yD; tenf;qHk;om xm;&Sd&r,f? v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@(UB)udk xm;wm&Jh &nf&G,fcsufudku 'Dvdkukr`%D awGudk zsufqD;ypfzdk@bJ? olvkyfEdkifwJhenf;u (2)enf;&Sdw,f? yxrwcku uvmyfpnf; acgif;aqmifpktzGJ@udk awG@ atmif&Sm? 'Dvludkaemufa,mifcH+yD;/ w+rHKvHk;udkzrf; qdkwJhenf;? aemufwenf;u ayG;arG;+yD; udk,fxJxnfhxm;? 'DayG;u wpHkw&mwm0ef&SdwJhae&mudka&muf+yD; tawmfrsm;rsm;od+yDqdkrS 'kuQay;wJhenf;?

bmbJjzpfjzpf ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudk vkdufemyg? rawmfwq zrf;rdwmav;u w+rHKvHk;zrf;rdwmrsdK; rjzpfoifhyg?

aemufwcsufu acgif;aqmufr_udkrdoGm;+yDqdk&ifawmif uvmyfpnf;u qufv_yf&Sm;Edkif&r,f? 'grsdK;[m qdkAD,ufyHkpHr[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSmomjzpfEdkifw,f? tv,fqifheJ@ atmuftqifhu qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfvdk pdwfvnf; &Sd&r,f? csrSwfEdkifpGrf;vnf;&Sd&r,f?

'Dpdrfac:r_udk r&ifqdkifEdkif&if 'g[m usaemfwdk@ ydkvefjynf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk; b,favmuftxd qdkAD,ufyHkpH toGif;cHxm;&ovJqdkwmudk jywmjzpfrSmbJ?

ukefpnf

b,fae&mrSmrS tpxGufraerS ykefuefr_vkyfief;[m acsmarG@r,f? t+yD;rowf&ao;wJh ukefacsmudkydk@wm &mZ0wfr_bJ? 'g[m qdkAD,ufyHkpH pD;yGm;a&; vuQ%mbJ? 'grsdK;rjzpf&bl;? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm ypPnf;wdkif;udk vufaqmifxkyfovdk aoaocsmcsm xkyfydk;xm;+yD; aiGvifbef;ay: wifydk@wmrsdK;omjzpf&r,f? 'g[m ukefypPnf;ydk@ wmbJ jzpfjzpf/ owif;ydk@wmbJjzpfjzpf/ tpnf;ta0;vkyfwmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dtwdkif;bJ jzpf&r,f? v#dK@0SufawG@qHkyGJwck vkyfzdk@ tcdsef/ ae&m/ vlOD;a& pwmawGudk }udK+yD;owfrSwfxm;&r,f?

owif;ydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; owif;udk aocsmatmifjyifqif+yD; csa&;xm;&r,f? 'grSr[kwf&if tcsuf tvufawG vGJacsmfoGm;Edkifw,f? arhoGm;Edkifw,f? twif;tzsif;tjzpf ,kwfavsmhoGm;edkifw,f?

'DvdkbJ vufurf;pmapmifawGudk ajratmufyHkESdkyfwdkufawGu ydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; aocsmxkyfydk;csnfaESmif &r,f? ta&twGufudk xkyfydk;puULay:rSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;a&;xm;&r,f? 'Dvdk vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGudk aocsm vdkufem&r,f? 'Dvdkrvkyfrd&if txkyf[m vrf;rSmbJ aysmufoGm;Edkifw,f? ykvdyfu b,fuvmw,f/ b,fudkydk@ rvdk@qdkwm ajc&mcHEdkifoGm;vdrfhr,f?

10

tckvdk ysufpD;usqHk;aewJh uGefjrLepf0g'acwf}uD;rSm(1940)ckv,fuwnf;uwGuf&if udk,fhvkyftm;&Jh toD;tyGifhudkcHpm;EdkifwmrSm usaemfwdk@ ydkvefajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGrSm yxrrsdK;qufbJ? 'Dt&omudk cHpm;yg? oifhtcsdefudk aumif;pGmtoHk;csyg?

Oyrmjy&&if -- oifhudk OD;‘u’eJ@ OD;‘c’udkawG@ay;zdk@ =um;vl OD;‘*’uwqifh pDpOfcdkif;w,fqdkygpdk@? OD;‘*’ udk OD;‘u’u OD;‘c’udkawG@csifygw,f cifAsvdk@ oGm;ajym+yD;tcsdefrjzKef;ygeJ@? OD;‘*’udk 'kwd,t}udrfxyfawG@r,fh tpm;/ OD;‘c’udkawG@+yD; wcgxJ tpDtpOfudkajymyg?

'gayr,fh OD;‘u’u OD; ‘c’udk awG@csifwJhta=umif;ajymwJhtcg/ awG@zdk@tcsdefae&mudk wcgwnf;ajymvdkuf yg? tcsdefae&mwckck tqifrajywm&Sd&if xyf+yD;twnfjyKcsuf,lzdk@ rvdkyg? 'grsdK;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@ t&Hae&meJ@ tcsdefudk oifyxrqufoG,f&r,fhyk*~dKvfudk ajympOfuwnf;u wcgxJay;xm;vdkufyg?

'Dawmh 'Dvdktpnf;ta0;rsdK;twGuf erlemowif;ydk@csufyHkpHu -- “OD; ‘u’onf OD; ‘c’udk =umomy aw;ae@ nae(5)em&D(10)rdepf/ orw 0Dvfqifvrf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m owif;axmufuvyfa&S@/ ,cifyJ&pf bHktzGJ@&ifjyif awG@qHkrnf/ olonf b,fzuf*sdKif;=um;wGif jynfol@oHawmfqifhowif;pmudk nSyfvmrnf? t&Hae@ &ufrSm aom=umae@jzpfonf?

b¾ma&;

udk,fusdK;pGef@wmwdk@/ apwemh0efxrf;vkyftm;ay;wdk@ qdkwmawG[m uGefjrLepfpepf&Jh ajcmuftdyfrufawG bJ? vHk;0O\Hk udk,fusdK;rzufbl;qdkwm vufawG@eJ@ ajAmif;jyefbJ? 'g[m yHkzsufxm;wJh &nfrSef;csufwckxuf bmrSrydkbl;/ udk,fusdK;=unfhrl&Jh tqdk;qHk;yHkpHvnf;jzpfw,f? odrfi,fpdwf&Sd+yD; xHkxdkif;wJholwOD; oHk;wJh rsufESmzHk;bJ? 'DvdkvlrsdK;rSm qifajcawGtrsm;}uD;bJ? tvkyfaemufus&if “wae@vHk; wnvHk; [dk[dk'D'D ajy;v$m;ae&vdk@ygAsm”vdk@ ajymr,f? yHkESdyfwm[efrus&if “usaemf[m u|rf;usifwJh pufq&mrS r[kwfwmAsm”vdk@ ajymr,f? tpnf;ta0; wckudk aumif;aumif;rpDpOfEdkif&if “usaemfu pm;zdk@aomufzdk@ aiG&Sm&ao;w,fAs”vdk@ qifajcay;r,f/ 'Dvdk AsL&dk ua&pDtao;pm; ^mOf&SdwJhol[m 'kuQbJay;vdrfhr,f? rm&S,fyDvfqwfpuD; (Marshal Pilsudski)u wcgajym zl;w,f “olwdk@[m ydkvefjynf}uD;vGwfvyfzdk@ aiG(2)qifheJ@ aoG;(2)puf avmufbJusr,fqdkrS 'DwdkufyGJxJ ygvdrfh r,fwJh?”

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm tEW&m,f=um; oifv_yf&Sm;ae&wm[m rsdK;cspfpdwfa=umifhbJ? tvkyfvkyfwmu awmh 0rf;a&;twGufjzpfae&r,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm tvkyfusifh0wfudk zsufqD;ypfcJh=u+yD? vlawGudk oDcsif;av;wyk'favmuf/ ausmav;wcsuf oyf&HkavmufeJ@ twif;t=uyf tvkyfvkyfcskif;=uw,f? tusdK;qufuawmh vlawG[m tvkyfudk b,fvdk }udK;}udK;pm;pm;vkyf&r,fqdkwm arhoGm;=uwmbM? usaemfwdk@ vGwfvyfwJh ukr`%D&Jh uvyfpnf;awGuawmh tckvdk vleJ@ypPnf;awGudk tavvGifhrcHEdkifbl;?

aiGa=u;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ aqmifh=uGm;=uGm; EdkifvSwJht,ltq/ taygpm;qefwJh ajymqdkr_u-- “usaemfwdk@ u tjrwf&zdk@vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;”qdkwmbJ? 'gu tusdK;rJ@wJh obm0ruswJhudpPbJ? wae@vHk; aumif;aumif; tvkyfvkyf+yD;&if xkdufoifhwJhvkyfcawmh &oifhwmaygh? vlwa,muftaeeJ@ aexdkifEdkifzdk@ vHkavmufwJh0ifaiGawmh &Sdoifhwmaygh? teDawGuawmh usaemfwdk@udk CIA u axmufyHhaew,fvdk@ t+rJpGyfpGJaewmbJ? wu,fawmh jynfwGif;eJ@ jynfyu ydkvefvlrsdK;awGu vGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf usaemfwdk@udk axmufyHhaewmyg? olwdk@ u usaemfwdk@udk ajypmawG=unfhcsifw,fvdk@vJ rajymbl;? yHkpHawGudk(3)rlpD jznfh&r,fvnf; rajymbl;? aiGawGudk tusdK;&SdatmifoHk;zdk@eJ@ r#r#ww oHk;zdk@bJajymw,f? olwdk@awmif;qdkwmu &dk;om;r_&Sdzdk@bJ? usaemfwdk@&Jh udk,fydkif rSwfwrf;twGuf +rDpm;+rD&Sifvufusef&Sif;wrf;wck vkyfxm;zdk@avmufbJajymw,f?

11

tpnf;ta0;rsm;

yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rdrd ae&mr[kwfonfh =um;aet&yfwckwGifom jyKvkyfoifhonf? oif aumif;pGmodaom ae&m/ oif ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&olrsm; &Sdonfhae&mjzpfygap? oifhtdrfywf0ef;usifY tpnf;ta0;jyK vkyfjcif;onf trSmwckjzpfonf? “rodfwmudk razmfEdkif”qdkonfh qdk&dk;pum;onf ,ckwdkifrSefuefqJjzpfonf? udpP &yf wckcsif;twGuf=um;cHtquftoG,frsm;udk tenf;qHk;jzpfap&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm oif OD;‘u’ESifhvrf; avsmufoGm;pOf rawmfwq OD; ‘c’ESifhod&efrvdkyg? tvm;wl vrf;ay:&Sd wpHkwOD;ESifh rar#mfvifhbJ qHkrdonf qdkygpdk@? xdkoludkvnf; ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaeonf[k oifodxm;onfqdkygpdk@? olu zdwfac:onfh vuQ%m xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rjybJ/ ol@tem;udk ruyfygESifh? 'grSom olonf udpP&yfwckESifh oGm;aeonf(odk@)aemuf a,mifcHvdkufcHae&onfudk oifodrnfjzpfonf?

a,bl,stm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vlxlaomae&mrSm ueOD; rsufvHk;csif;qHkrdatmifvkyfyg? oifhudk ol rSwfrd+yDqdkwm aocsmrS bwfpfum;(odk@)"gwf&xm;udk wufpD;yg? olu oifhaemufudk vdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

tajymif;tvJtaejzifh oifu vrf;avsmufoGm;vdk[efaqmifI bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrSxGufvdkufyg? tquftoG,fu oifhaemufudkvdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

ta&;}uD;aomtpnf;ta0;rSefor# at;aq;I vHk+cHKaomywf0ef;usif/ pdwfcs&aomtdrfvdktyfonf? rSwfpkvdkufEdkifaom/ ypPnf;vJEdkifaomae&mjzpf&rnf? vlwdkif;u cdk;em;axmifwJhu&d,mudk a=umuf=uw,f? 'gu wu,fawmh v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m[m yHkrSeftm;jzifh trsm;od+yD;wJh pk&HkwwfwJhae&mawGrSmbJ xm;wwfygw,f? 'Dvdkae&mawGudk roHk;oifhwm xif&Sm;vSygw,f?

bmbJjzpfjzpf cdk;em;axmifwJhud&d,mwwfxm;apOD; ta&;}uD;wJhtpnf;ta0;awG vkyfEdkifygw,f? vdk tyfwmu }udKwifowd&Sdzdk@ygbJ? pmwdkav;awG ('grSr[kwf) omrefpum;av;awGeJ@ vkyfEdkifygw,f? “'gav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufyg”/ “ol tJ'DrSm&Sdr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymvdkufyg”³³³³³ pwm rsdK;ayg@? 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ emrnfawG/ vdyfpmawGudk cdk;em;axmifwJh ud&d,mawGwyfxm;wJh=um;u vufqifhurf;Edkifygw,f? tawG@t}uHKt& 'Dud&d ,mawGuwqifh olwdk@odoGm;wm enf;enf;av;yg? v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@u 'D[mudkoHk;wJh t"du&nf&G,fcsufu owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&zdk@xuf pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& ajcmufjcm;atmifvkyfzdk@ &nf&G,fwmyg?

'Dvdkud&d,mawGoHk;ae&ifvnf; &dk;&Sif;wJh pum;0SufawGudk toHk;jyKEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0;wckvkyfzdk@ vdk&if “aumfzDqdkifrSm”vdk@ajym&if &ygw,f? 'Dqdkif[m t&ifuvnf; qHkzl;+yD;om;rdk@ oifhtquftoG,fu t vG,fwul odEdkifygw,f?

tvm;wlbJ oifu“t*Fg”vdk@ ajymvdkuf&if “aom=um”ae@udk qdkvdkrSef; olodygw,f? “rGef;wnfh”qkd wm “noef;acgif”ayg@? tvm;wl “'kwd,”qdkwm “yOPr”ayg@?

uae@ ydkvefrSm vlwdkif;vdkvdku udk,fhenf;udk,f[efeJ@ ajratmufvkyfief; vkyfae=uwmrdk@ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf wyfzGJ@[m 'Dvdk &Sif;vif;vG,fulwJh tajccH=uwJh twdk0SufawGudk razmfEdkifygbl;?

qufom;

qufom;eJ@ ypPnf;ydk@orm;awG[m b,fpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rSmrqdk 'GefwJGwnf&SdaewJh t&mawGbJ? olwdk@udk yHkrSefpmydk@wm/ ypPnf;ydk@wmawGrSm oHk;wmyJ? qufom;udk v$wfawmhr,fqdk&if ajratmufuvyfpnf;acgif;aqmif u aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG; rSm=um;&r,f? b,fypPnf;udk b,fae&m/ b,ftcsdef ,loGm;&r,fqdkwm wdwdusus ajym&r,f?

!$ef=um;csuf&+yD;wmeJ@ qufom;aumif;[m oloGm;&r,fh vrf;a=umif;udk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef ppfaq; &r,f? ol@tvkyf[m yHkrSefvkyfief;bJ jzpfoifhw,f? tcsdefwdkif;rSm olwdk@[m ‘&Sif;’ae&r,f? qdkvdkwmu o,f&

12

r,fhypPnf;[m tenf;qHk; jzpf&r,f? 'grS =um;jzpfzrf;rd&ifvnf; v#dK@0S,fajratmuf taqmuftOD;udk ray: atmif xdrf;Edkifr,f?

uvmyfpnf;eJ@ qufom;&J@vHk+cHKa&;udk xdcdkufapr,fh b,ft&mrqdk tvG,fwulzsufqD;EdkifwJh/ pGef@ypf EdkifwJh taetxm;&Sd&r,f?

ajratmufv#dK@0SuftzGJ@udk zsufqD;zdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@oHk;wJh tvG,fqHk;eJ@ tatmifjrifqHk;enf;u qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufxJudk wdk;0ifwmbJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh³³³³ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m ajratmuftpk acgif;aqmif wpfa,mufudk tylwjyif; zrf;csifae+yDqdk&if ajratmuftzGJ@&J@ qufoG,fa&;pepfxJrSm owif;rSm;awGjzef@+yD; axmifacsmuf qifawmhwmbJ?

'Dtvkyfudk yHkpHrsdK;pHkeJ@vkyfwwfw,f? OD;‘q’&J@uav; uifqmjzpfae+yDqdkwmeJ@ ‘p’ vdkufw,f? 'gudk csuf csif;rppfaq;Edkif&if/ ('grSr[kwf) v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ ypfrSwfqDudk tcsdefrDta=umif;r=um;Edkif&if/ ylyefpdwf}uD;aewJ@ OD;‘q’u ol@tdrfudk qufom;v$wfawmhr,f? 'gqdk ol@uvmyfpnf;awmh ysuf+yD? qufom;udk tom aemuf a,mifcHvdkufoGm;,HkbJ?

uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifu ol@rdom;pkudk oludk,fwdkif qufoG,fvdk@r&wJh vHk+cHKa&; tpDtrHawG&SdrS 'Dt csdefrSm qufom;oHk;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;rSm yk*~dKvfa&; (vlvlcsif;)xdawG@r_[m ta&;}uD;qHk;qdkwm oabmayguf&r,f? vlvlcsif; qufqHa&; r[kwfwJh ppfwyfqefwJhyHkpHudk ajratmufvkyfief;rSm roHk;&bl;? ul±Gef(Kuron) wcgu a&; zl;ovdkbJ³³³³ “aoG;pnf;cspf=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyHkxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?”

aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;qdkwm vlom;csif; aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;udk ajymwmyg? 'gudk qufom;v$wf+yD; wnfaqmufvdk@r&bl;?

rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;

ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawG b,folrS vdyfpmpmtkyf aqmifrxm;&bl;vdk@ wm;jrpfxm;&r,f? udk,fhtcef; udk,fxm;wm/ udk,fhudk,fay:rSmxm;wm udpPr&Sdwefaumif;ygbl;vdk@ xifaumif;xifvdrfhr,f? ppfa=uma&;a&muf rS³³³³ “'g usaemfhrdwfaqGa[mif;yg”/ “olu usaemf i,fi,fuwnf;u odwJh trsdK;orD;rdwfaqGyg?” qdkwm avmufeJ@ r&awmhbl;?

cifAsm; vdyfpmpmtkyfxJygwJh vlwdkif;&J@emrnf/ vdyfpmawGudk ppfaq;zdk@qdkwm ykvdyftvkyfbJ? 'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ olwdk@rSm tcsdef;vnf;&Sdw,f? ykvdyfppfaq;csufu xGufvmwJh tajz[m oifhtwGuftHh=op&mawG jzpfvmvdrfh r,f?

oifu &Sufwwfa=umufwwfwJh/ rvkyfwwf rudkifwwfvdk@ odxm;wJh uav;b0u trsdK;orD;rdwfaqG &J@tcef;rSm v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@u w&m;cHajy;wa,mufudk oGm;awG@wm jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? 'Dvluvnf; rdef;uav;

&J@ ouFmruif; jzpfp&mr&SdwJh taetxm;udk }udKuf+yD; ykefzdk@ ae&ma&G;cJhwmayg@?

tJ'DvdkbJ cifAsm;udk tjypfuif;pifwJh i,fb0 upm;azmftjzpf odxm;wJh tjcm;olwdk@&J@ tysif;xlr_ a=umifh cifAsm;vnf; 'kuQa&mufEdkifwmbJ?

ajratmuft0ef;t0dkif;[m vlawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdayr,fh wu,fawmh 'DurBm[m usOf;usOf;av;yg? 'gudk ar#mfvifhxm;&r,f? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u tkyf*lawGay:u urŠnf;pmawGudk =unfhyg? rdom;wpkvHk; aooGm;rS awmh/ b,fppfjyefu “usaemfwdk@Edkifw,f”vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmvJ? cifAsm;udkcifAsm; 'DvdkrjzpfygapeJ@? tjzpftysuf wdkif;[m ao;zGJwJh/ trSwfwrJhjzpfwJh/ rawG;awmrpOf;pm;rdwJh udpPi,fav;awGu pcJhwmcsnf;bJ?

'ga=umifh owif;udk 0SufpmoGif;zdk@ vdkw,f? 0SufpmoGif;xm;wJh pmwdkav;wpfapmif/ vdyfpmpmtkyfav; wtkyfa=umifh ouFmruif;jzpfcH&rSmudk rylygeJ@? 'D0SufawGudk b,ftcsdefrqdk oif 'Dvdk ajymqdkEdkifygw,f³³³³ “us aemhf oli,fcsif;awGudk usaemfhvdk i&JrcH&apcsifvdk@ygAsm”³³³ vdk@?

အိမ္(သို႔)အခန္းတခန္းရဲ႔နံပါတ္ကိုဘဲေရးပါ၊လမ္းနဲ႔တျခားဟာေတြကိုေခါင္းထဲမွာပဲမွတ္ထားပါ၊လိုအပ္သမွ်သာခဲတံနဲ႔ေရးထား

တာအေကာင္းဆုံးပါဘဲ၊ကိစၥၿပီးယင္အလြယ္တကူဖ်က္လိုက္လို႕ရတာေပါ႕၊မွင္မသုံးပါနဲ႕၊သင္ေဘာပင္နဲ႕အေပၚကဟိုျခစ္ဒီျခစ္

ေရွာက္ျခစ္ထားရုံနဲ႔ေအာက္မွေရးထားတာကပ်က္သြားတာမဟုတ္ဘူး၊

0SufpmeJ@a&;xm;ayr,fh oifhrSwfpkpmtkyfudk tcgtm;avsmfpGmjyefa&;yg? rvdkwJhvdyfpmawGudk qkwfypfyg?

a,bl,stm;jzifhawmh pmwdkawGudk ao;Edkifor# tao;qHk;pm&Gufay:rSm a&;yg? 'grS udpPay:wJhtcg zsufqD;zdk@ yg; pyfxJxnfh0g;zdk@ vG,fr,f? ayg@qr_[m ememusifusif cHpm;&apvdrfhr,f? (1970)ckESpfrsm;u 'DvdkbJ ajratmuft zGJ@0ifwOD;[m owif;wyk'fudk rmausmwJhuGefjyLwmu'fjym;ay:rSma&;wJh trSm;wckudk usL;vGefcJhzl;w,f? ykvdyf vmzrf;awmh tEW&m,f&SdwJh owif;wdkav;wyk'fudkom rsdKcsEdkifvdkufw,f? ykvdyfu ol@udk eHywfwkwfeJ@ ESHvdkufvdk@?

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m enf;avavaumif;avavbJ? w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m oifh&J@ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awGudk axmufvSrf;zdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyftwGuf tvG,fqHk;enf;bJ? w,fvDzkef;oHk;&r,fqdk&if trsm; oHk;zkef;('grSr[kwf) oifhtvkyfwdkufu tvG,fwuloHk;EdkifwJhzkef;udkoHk;wm taumif;qHk;bJ? odyf,Ofaus;zdk@vnf;

rvdkygbl;? ouFmruif;zG,fjzpfr,fh pum;0SufawGudkvnf; roHk;ygeJ@? “usaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDvm;”? “[kwf w,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm?” “[m r[kwfbl;/ a&cJaowWmudkajywm?” 'grsdK;awGu ykvdyfudk teH@&ap&Hkru bl;/ taumifyg jyvdrfhr,f?

uae@umvrSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u bmrSta&;r}uD;wmav;vnf; pum;0S,foHk;+yD; ydk@ae =uwmbJ? 'Dvdk ‘nHoH’awGa=umifh trSm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;ovdkjzpfayr,fh owd&Sdwm taumif;qHk;bJ?

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm w,fvDzkef;[m qufoG,fa&;twGuf jzpfw,f? tv†yov†m ajymzdk@r[kwfbl;? w,fvDzkef;qufvdkufvdk@ vdkif;ay:rSm “trdef@ay;r_ESifh ajymaeaompum;rsm;”vdk@ }udKwiftoHoGif;xm;wJh wdyfacG vdk xyfwvJvJ =um;ae&&if 'g[m wu,fr[kwfbl;qdkwm owdjyKyg?

uGefjrLepfawG jzpfapcsifwmu b,fol@udkrqdk/ b,ft&mudkrqdk udkifvdk@&oavmuf udkifzdk@bJ?

csuGufao

csuGufaoqdkwm rDcvkwfwckvdkbJ? wckckjzpf&if v#yfpD;udk tvdkvdkjzwfcsvdkufr,f? csuGufaoqdkwm tkyfpktoD;oD;u qufoG,fEdkifwJh/ ypPnf;zvS,fEdkifwJh ae&mwckbJ? tJ'g[m tdrf/ qdkif(odk@) tdrfcef;wcef; jzpfEdkif w,f?

csuGufaoudk trsm;}uD;oHk;vdk@vnf;&w,f? enf;enf;bJ oHk;vdk@vnf;&w,f? csuGufaowckudk tvGef tu|HoHk;&if rvdkvm;tyfwJh tm&Hkpdkufr_udk cH&Edkifw,f? tdrfeD;csif;awG/ tvkyftwlvkyfzufawGu ouFmruif; jzpfvmEdkifw,f?

csuGufaoudk c%c%roHk;bl;qdkjyef&ifvnf;/ csuGufaorSmwm0ef,loleJ@ tjcm;tquftoG,frsm; qufoG,fr_[m crf;ajcmufoGm;Edkifw,f? b,folrS wvudk pmav;(3)apmif vufcHzdk@ wywfudkESpf}udrf em&Daygif; rsm;pGm csuGufaorSm xkdifrapmifhcsifbl;?

csuGufaorSm aumif;rGefwJh tH0SufawG vkyfxm;wm/ 'grSr[kwf wjcm;vHk+cHKwJh tdrfwtdrfqD tvG,fw ul ul;oGm;EdkifwmawG[m tEW&m,fr&Sdygbl;? csuGufaoudk wm0ef,lol[m 'gawGudk em;rvnf&if/ vHk+cHKa&;tpD trHawGvkyfrxm;&if wjcm;wa,mufudk&Sm+yD;cdkif;wm taumif;qHk;bJ?

cyfvef@vef@vludk wm0efay;&wmeJ@pm&if csuGufaotopfwckudk pDpOf&wm ydkvG,fygw,f? ol@csuGuf aoudkoHk;wdkif;vnf; pdwfcs&w,f? ydkvefeJ@ Zm±lqJpuD;&J@wdkufyGJrSm &mZ0ifwGifolwOD; &SdcJhzl;w,f? ajratmufyHk ESdyfwdkuf[m ypPnf;awGvmydk@oludk wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;/ tJ'DpmapmifawG vm,lolawGudkawmh ESifxkwfw,f? tJ'Dvdkt

14

a&;+yD; vl}udKufrsm;wJh ukefpnftwGuf olpdk;&drfw,fav? 'grS wu,fh csuGufaobJ? (ol@ypPnf;u b,frS ra±G@ awmhbl;?)

±Hk;rsm;

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bmudkawG@atmif&Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdayr,fh/ oifhudk tr_zGifhEdkifavmufwJh/ b,ftaxmuft xm;rqdk/ Oyrm³³³ ausmufyHkESdyf&mrSmoHk;wJh ydk;p/ opfom;abmifav;avmufudkbJ jzpfjzpf&SmrSmbJ?

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ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawGtwGuf udk,fhvnf;yif;}udK;uGif;pGyfrJht,ltqrsdK;udk y,fzdk@vdkr,f? yxrwrsdK;u³³ “ykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayr,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&m rvdkbl;”qdkwJhtjrif? 'kwd,wrsdK;u³³³ “ykvdyfvmrSm r[kwfyg bl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@ 'kuQ&SmaeOD;rSmvJ”qdkwJht,ltq?

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15

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ajratmufyHkEdSyfwdkuf

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ykvdyf

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16

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t+rD;

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17

oif[m tcsdefra±G;/ ae&mra&G; aemufa,mifcH vdkufcH&Edkifw,fqdkwmudk owdrarhrSom oifhvHk+cHKa&; [m pdwfcs&vdrfhr,f?

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wckr#om jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh oifhum;eHygwfuawmh oifb,folvJqdkwm ajyjyvdrfhr,f?

tdk;

(ykvdyfqifwJh axmifacsmuf)

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pD;eif;jcif;

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18

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tusOf;axmifwGif;b0

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rdrdtwGif;pdwfudk wnf+idrfatmifxdef;xm;Edkifzdk@/ wHwdkif;jcm;xm;Edkifzdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f? 'grS tusOf;axmif &J@pnf;urf;awGudk ausmfv$m;&ifqdkifEdkifrSm? axmifxJrSm b,fol@udkrS r,Hk&ygvm;qdkwJh trSefw&m;udkvnf; &if qdkifem;vnfEdkifvmvdrfhr,f? tusOf;axmifwGif; pdwfzdpD;r_udk ajyapzdk@qdk+yD; rdrdcHpm;csufudk zGifhjyr,fhpmrsdK; rdom; pkqD ra&;ygeJ@? tvm;wlbJ wpHkwOD;&J@ usef;rma&;tcuftcJudk pdk;&drfylyefa=umif;qdkwJh pm;rsdK;vnf; ra&;ygeJ@?

oifhpmawGudk tusOf;axmifqiftzGJ@uom zwfaewmr[kwfbl;? oifhtr_ppf ykvdyfpHkaxmufuvnf; zwfae w,fqdkwm rarhygeJ@? oifhudk b,fvdkusdK;oGm;atmifvkyf&r,fqdkwm&Smzdk@u ol@tvkyfbJ?

emusifjcif;

vlawG[m olwdk@b0rSm ta=umufqHk; ESpfckbJ&Sdw,f? wcku emusifjcif;eJ@ aemufwcku xGufaygufrJh oGm;jcif;wdk@bJ? 'DESpfckvHk;[m txD;usefjzpfjcif;u vmwm? vlvlcsif; qufqHa&;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufwJht&mbJ? &dk;&Sif;wJh cE

19

atmif vkyfcH&jcif;(bmvkyfvdk@ bmudkif&rSef;rodatmif/ bmjzpfaerSef;rod awmhatmif) xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;³³³ pwJh axmifxJrSm }uHKawG@&wJhemusifjcif;uawmh vGwfvyfpGm(rdrdzmom) a&G;cs,fcJhwJht&mjzpfw,f? vlw a,muf[m tusOf;axmifxJrSm olcHpm;ae&wJh emusifjcif;udk oufomatmif azmfzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh&if 'g[m tod &SdpGm qHk;jzwfwmbJ? olvkyfp&mvdkwmu odor#udk tomav; azmfajymvdkufzdk@ ygbJ?

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ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm jynfolcsif;aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;vkyf&w,fqdkwm cifAsm;vdk rdef;rawG/ uav; awG&SdwJholawGeJ@ vkyf&wmyg?

qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;udk qef@usifjcif;

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&efoludk av#mhrwGufygeJ@? olwdk@&J@a&S;&dk;usjcif;eJ@ &ufpufr_u olwdk@&J@±l;oGyfrdkufrJr_udk jywmr[kwfbl;? ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@ (UB) [m qdkAD,uf KGB&J@ nDi,fyg? uGefjrLepfAsL&dku&uf ,EW,m;[m tm;enf; csufeJ@ tm;omcsuf ESpf&yfvHk;&J@ A[dkcsufrbJ?

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a=umuf±GH@jcif;

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20

tjzpfoHk;zdk@ajymwJh wcsdefwnf; “b,favmuf=umrSvJ”vdk@ ar;vdrfhr,f? 'gqdk&if ol[m &ufowWywf tenf; i,ftwGif; pdwf"gwfysufjym;p jyKvmawmhr,fqdkwm aocsmae+yD?

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tcsufjyrsm;

(tcsufjyudk ydk@yg? nHoHudk rydk@ygeJ@?)

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21

pdwWZrsm;

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'D ykefuefr_eJ@ &efpr_pdwWZawG[m vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJht&mudk rvkyfwm rSefw,fvdk@xifvmapw,f? “usaemfwdk@vkyfor# uGefjrLepfawGtusKd;&Sdzdk@csnf;jzpfaeawmh bmvdk@vkyfaeOD;rSmvJAsm”qdkwmrsdK;ayg@? ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;cHae&rSmudka=umufwJh pdwWZuawmh ydk+yD;tcH&cufw,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;[m ol@tzdk@ ae&mwumrSm v#dK@0Suf ykvdyfcsnf;bJjzpfae+yD;/ wajy;xJajy;ae&vdk@bJ?

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22

vGwfvyfa&;

(1944)rSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awGeJ@ tjcm;ta&S@Oa&myvlrsdK;awG[m w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&J@tjyifzufudk a&muf oGm;w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; wckwnf;aomajymif;vJr_u Oya'rJhr_&J@tjyif;taysmhbJ? qdk&S,fvpfOya't,ltq avmuf tm;vHk;udk v$rf;+cHKxm;Edkifwm/ om;a&uGif;vdk tavsmhtwif;vkyfEdkifwm bmrSr&Sdbl;?

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23

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25

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oifhZmwfvrf;u olwdk@udk ,Hk=unfapzdk@ rvdkyg? 'gayr,fh jzpfEdkifp&mta=umif;awmh &Sd&r,f? 'DvdkbJ pGJpGJ +rJ+rJqkyfudkifxm;&r,f? Oyrm³³³ oifhudk vrf;rSm or*~pm=unfhwdkufuiSm;vmwJh pmtkyfawGeJ@ &yfwef@ppfaq;cH& +yDqdkygpdk@? “rm&S,favmOya'u jyif;xefvGef;wma=umifh a=umuf+yD; 'Dajratmufpm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk zsufqD;r vdk@ vkyfaewkef; cifAsm;wdk@eJ@awGwmyg”vdk@ajymyg? pmtkyfawG b,fu&w,f/ pm=unfhwdkufrª;ub,folqdkwm pwmawG bmrSajymzdk@rvdkyg? pmtkyfawGvuf0,f&Sdwm &mZ0wfr_r[kwfyg? &Sif;jy&efvnf;rvdkyg? tqHk;awmh “'D [mawG&Sdaewmudk odyfa=umufae+yD; 'gawGudk &Sif;ypfrvdk@yg? =urRmiifcsifawmh cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ckvdk awG@vdkuf&awmh rvkyfvdkuf&awmhbl;ayg@Asm”vdk@ ajymyg?

ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdu oifhZmwfvrf;[m vHñuwfqdkwm odygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DZmwfvrf;udkbJ tao qkwfudkif+yD;/ ajymaeoa&G@ tEW&m,fu a&SmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f?

oifhajratmufcef;xJrSm yHkEdSyfzdk@vkyfxm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;udk ykvdyfuawG@oGm;+yD;qdkygpdk@? tvG,fqHk;&Sif; jyEdkifwmu“'g rm&S,favmra=unmcifu pm&Gufpmwrf;awGyg”vdk@ajymvdkufyg? 'DZmwfvrf;u ±l;a=umifa=umif awmhEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh ykvdyfudkawmh vSnfhpm;Edkifygw,f? oifht,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawGudk ykvdyfeJ@ taqG;aEG;rcHygeJ@? ‘ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_’qdkwmudk vHk;0jiif;yg? ‘v_yf&Sm; wufºuGol’qdkwmrsdK;vnf; rjzpfygapeJ@?

oif[m ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;a0g[m&awGudk vHk;0rodol[efaqmifyg? csuGufao/ qufom;/ axmuf yHha&;vrf;a=umif;³³³ ponftm;vHk;udk ‘bmawGvmajymaewmvJqdkwJh *dkufzrf;xm;yg? oif[m omreft&yfom; wa,muf/ wckckudk ‘rawmfwqoGm;awG@w,f’/ ‘tck wdkif;jynfuxGufoGm;+yDjzpfwJh rdwfaqGwa,mufeJ@twl

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vGefcJhwJh(10)ESpfu awG@cJhwJholu 'D[mudkay;vdkufwm’/ tck csdef;xm;wJhae&mrSm 'DvludkoGm;awG@+yD; 'Dtxkwfudk ay;rvdk@/ olu 'Dtxkwfudkjrif&if usaemfhudk rSwfrdr,fvdk@ xif&wmbJ’?

Zwfvrf;u jzpfEdkifp&mawmhjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh tla=umifa=umifawmhEdkifw,f? taumif;qHk;Oya'ou enf;enf;bJajymav aumif;avbJ? v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfuawmh b,fvdkrS ,HkrSmr[kwfbl;? 'gayr,hf w&m;&Hk;u(w&m; &Hk;a&mufcJh&ifayg@av) oifhrSm tjypfxif&Sm;a=umif; rawG@&ao;or# tjypfuif;pifw,fvdk@ ,lq&rSmbJ?

vGefcJhwJh vtenf;i,f tawG@t}uKHawGt&awmh Zmwfvrf;wckxJudk pJGpGJ+rJ+rJ xyfwvJvJ ajymae&if/ tjynfht0rSefwm r[kwfOD;awmh vlwa,mufvGwfvmwmudk }uKHzl;ygw,f?

“rouFmol. &Sif;vif;wifjycsufonf jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf”qdkwm ppfcHk&Hk;w&m;vdka&S@aeu tr_ydwfwJh tcg oHk;wJhpum;vHk;yg?

ppfa=uma&;

oufaotjzpfjzpfap/ rouFmol/ w&m;cHtaeESifhjzpfap ppfa=umzdk@qifhac:wm cH&Edkifygw,f? &mZ0wf usifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr(61)u 'Dvdkqdkygw,f? “rouFmolqdkonfrSm ykvdyf.pGyfpGJr_udk cH&oljzpfonf? w&m;cHonf w&m;&Hk;u enf;vrf;wus pGJcsufwif ppfaq;cH&oludk qdkvdkonf?”

ppfa=uma&;twGuf qifhac:wJhorRefpmrSm oifhudk bmtr_eJ@ac:w,fqdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyxm; &r,f? rouFmoltaeeJ@/ oufaotaeeJ@ ac:wJhtcg tr_wGJeHywfudk azmfjy&r,f? ‘yk*~vdutr_’/ ‘&Sif;vif;wif jy&ef qifhac:onf’qdkwJh rSwfcsufrsdK;awGygvm&if/ tr_wGJeHygwfudk csefvSyfxm;&if/ &Hk;wHqdyfwHk;ryg&if orRefpm [mysufygw,f? 'Dvdk orRefpmrsKd;udk vufcH vdkufemp&mrvdkyg?

ar;cGef;awG rpcif wm0efcHppfa=umol[m t&m&Sdu tr_ta=umif;t&mudk w&mcHudk ajymjyzdk@wm0ef&Sd ygw,f? (vufawG@rSmjzpfcJygw,f?) ar;cGef;wdkif;udk pmeJ@a&;om; rSwfwrf;wifzdk@awmif;qdkyg? +yD;rS arcGef;udk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefyg?

oufaou ol@udkjzpfap/ aqGrsKd;&if;csmwOD;udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkifaomar;cGef;udk jiif;qef&ef Oya't& tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f? (&mZ0wfusifhxHk; yk'fr 166)

ppfa=uma&;umvrSm oufao[m oufaocHtcsuftvufudk ay;tyfzdk@ rjiif;qefEdkifyg? odk@aomf ol@udkjzpfap/ aqGrsdK;&if;csmwOD;udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;EdkifwJh tcsuftvufrsKd;udkawmh ta=umif;wpHkw&m rjybJ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f?

ar;cGef;awGudk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefwm[m ta&;}uD;w,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh oufaou rouFmoljzpfoGm; Edkifw,f? oufaocHxGufqdkaewkef; tcsuftvufwcsdK@[m aemifrSmoifhudk w&m;pGJwifEdkifwmrsdK; rawmfwq xGufqdkrdwwfw,f? tcsuftvufrSm;udk xGufqdkwmxufpm&if rajymbJyg;pyfydwfxm;wmu ydkaumif;ygw,f? oufaovdrfxGuf&if (5)ESpftxd axmifcsEdkifygw,f?

'gawGudk=unfh&if v#dK@0SufykvdyfeJ@ qufqHwJhtcg/ ppfa=uma&;0if&wJhtcg/ wckwnf;aom avsmfuefwJh enf;y&d,m,fu wcsKd@aomar;cGef;rsm;udk rajzrdzdk@ygbJ? rouFmoltaeeJ@jzpfap/ w&m;cHtaeeJ@jzpfap ar;cGef; tar;cH&wJhtcg/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(63)t& oufaocHcsufay;zdk@ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'Dyk'fru w&m;cH &J@ tcGifhta&;udk &nf!$ef;ayr,fh yk'fr(61)t& rouFmoluvnf; cHpm;cGifh&Sdygw,f?

(ra=umufygeJ@ ? usaemfwdk@ cka&mufaewm ‘a*:rlumacwf’ r[kwfyg? olu‘cE

27

'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;udk vufawG@vnf; vkyfwwfygw,f? pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& toifhjzpfatmif usaemf wdk@udk,fudk usaemfwdk@ toifhjyif&ygr,f? uHaumif;wmu ‘pwmvifacwf’r[kwfawmhwmyg? tJ'Dacwfuawmh cE

ppfa=uma&;&J@&nf&G,fcsufu usaemfwdk@udk pum;ajymatmifvkyfzdk@yg? p˜pcsif;awmh³³³ “cifAsm;awmh wb0vHk; axmifxJ aeoGm;&awmhrSmbJ” qdkwmrsKd;eJ@ ‘pdwf"mwfa&;’t& +cdrf;ajcmufygvdrfhr,f? 'Daemufawmh

“a=omf³³³ cifAsm;u udk,fhudk,fudkwif 'kuQay;wmr[kwfbl;/ cif;Asm;&J@teD;qHk;eJ@ tcspfqHk;awGudkyg 'kuQay;aewm udk;”vdk@ ajymygvdrfhr,f? +yD;awmhrS wajz;ajz;ydk+yD; acwfrDqef;jym;wJhenf;awGudk oHk;ygvdrfhr,f?

rvef@ygeJ@ ? a'goxGufatmif qG˜ay;wJh pGyfpGJcsufawGa=umifh rvef@vdkufygeJ@? ppfa=uma&;&J@ enf;wenf; u jypfr_udk yHk}uD;cs@JwmbJ? 'DawmhrS pGyfpGJcH&oluowdvufvGwfjzpf+yD;/ bmawGjzpfvmOD;rSmvJvdk@ awG;+yD;a=umuf vmw,f? 'DawmhrS 'DudpPrSm wu,fwef;usawmh olb,favmufbJygcJhwmygqdk+yD; ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkudpPrsKd;rSm e*dkpGyfpGJcsufudk jyef&kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD;/ ydkqdk;wJhtajctaexJudk ckefqif;rdvsufom; jzpfaeawmhw,f? ppfa=umol bufu=unfh&if oifu ckawmh pum; p˜ajymae+yDjzpfvdk@ 'Denf;u atmifjrifwmbJ?

ppfa=umol[m omreftm;jzifh rouFmcH&olxuf Oya'udk ydkem;vnfw,f? vG,fvG,fululbJ vdrf vnfvSnfhzsm;Edkifw,f? 'DvdkbJ rouFmcH&ol[m ol@tcGifhta&;udk rodwmrsm;w,f? 'gudkod&zdk@vnf; ppfa=um oludk tm;udk;vdk@r&bl;? Oyrm³³³ ppfa=umolu oif 'Dar;cGef;udk bmvdk@rajzovJqdkwm r&ruar;vdrfhr,f? wu,fwef;u oifhrSm 'DvdktcGifhta&;&Sdw,fqdkwm olaumif;aumif;odw,f? “cifAsm;rajzwm[m rajzcsifvdk@ rajzwmr[kwfvm;”/ “'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udk &mZ0wfr_eJ@ &Hk;wifppfaq;Edkifw,fqdkwm odvdk@r[kwfvm;”

'Dvdktr_rsKd;rSm ppfa=umolu “'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udkjyefywfEdkifw,fqdkwm cifAsm;u bmvdk@xif&wm vJ”vdk@ ar;aumif;ar;vdrfhr,f? oifpum;ajymvmvdrfhr,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ar;wmbJ? tajzuawmh &Sif;&Sif; av;bJ? “'DxGufcsufu usaemfhudkjyefywfvdrfhr,fxifvdk@”vdk@ jyefajzvdkufyg? 'g[m vHkavmufwJhtajzbJ? aemuf wqifhuawmh +cdrf;ajcmufwmbJ? rajzbJae&if w&m;pGJzdk@ cGifhjyKcsufawmif;&vdrfhr,f qdkwmrsKd;ayg@? 'grSr[kwf vnf; “'gav;ajzvdkuf&if cifAsm;jrefjref vGwfrSmyg”vdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?

'g[m olwwfEdkifwmxuf ydkajymwmbJ? 'DvdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;ay;zdk@ ol@rSmtm%mr&Sdbl;? (ppfa=umol[m rouFmcH&oludk yxr(48)em&DtwGif;rSmbJ v$wfypfEdkifw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeqDu cGifhjyKrdef@ r&&if 'Dtcsdefxuf ausmf+yD; xdef;odrf;xm;vdk@ r&bl;?)

ppfa=uma&;umvwav#mufvHk; ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdzufu t+rJwrf; t}uD;tus,f tompD;&aewm csnf;bJ? ol@zufu emp&mueJeJav;? usaemfwdk@u vGwfvyfr_eJ@ tavmif;tpm;vkyfae&wm? 'ga=umifh usaemf

တို႕ဟာစစ္ေၾကာေရးမွာသုံးေလ့ရွိတဲ့နည္းလမ္းေတြကိုနဲနဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္သိထားဖို႕ောကာင္းပါတယ္၊ဖ်ားမသြားပါနဲ႕၊ခင္ဗ်ားဘဝအေၾကာင္းေတာ္ေတာ္အေသးစိတ္က်တာေလးေတြေျပာလိုက္လို႕ဖ်ားမ

သြားပါနဲ႕၊ဒါေတာင္သိေနမွေတာ့အကု္လံုးသိေနေလာက္ေရာေပါ့လို႕အလြယ္တကူေကာက္ခ်က္မခ်လိုက္ပါနဲ႕၊သူတို႕မသိပါဘူး၊သင့္ပိုေပ်ာ့သြားေအာင္လုပ္ဖို႕နည္းေဟာင္းႀကီးကိုသံုးတာပါ၊သင့္အ

ေၾကာင္းတခ်ိဳ႕တ၀က္ သင့္မိတ္ေဆြေတြကိုစစ္ယင္းရသြားတာျဖစ္ေကာင္းျဖစ္ႏုိင္ပါ၊သင့္မိတ္ေဆြကလည္းအမွဳနဲ႕ဘာမွမဆိုင္တဲ့ဒီအခ်က္ကိုေျပာၿပီး၊စစ္ေဆးသူေခါင္းရွဳပ္သြားေအာင္ၾကိဳးစားခဲ့တာပါ၊ဒီနည္းနဲ႕တဖက္သား

ကိုတပါတ္ရုိက္ႏိုင္လမ့္မယ္လို႕ထင္ခဲ့တာပါ၊

28

oifhrdwfaqGwOD;OD;&J@ udk,fa&;udk,fwm b0tao;pdyfudk b,fawmhrS pum;pjrnfvkyf+yD; rajym&bl;qdk wm owd&yg? 'DtcsuftvufawGu olwdk@udk 'kuQa&mufapEdkifw,f? oifhudk vlwpkeJ@wGJ&dkufxm;wJh oifh"mwfyHk xkwfjyvdk@ ta=umif;rJh vef@roGm;ygeJ@? "mwfyHk/ wdyfacG/ tpD&ifcHpm³³³ pwmawG[m ykvdyfowif;ay;&J@ yHkrSefvkyf ief;tcsuftvufawGyg? ykvdyfu 'grsKd;udk yHkrSefpkaqmif;&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'gawGu w&m;&Hk;rSm oufaocHr0ifyg? oifhudk +cdrf;ajcmufzdk@/ axmifacsmufqifzdk@eJ@ tEdkiftxufvkyf+yD; xGufcsuf,lzdk@bJ toHk;usygw,f?

(pmeJ@) xGufqdk+yD;+yDqdk&ifawmh usefwmawGrvdkawmhyg? w&m;cGifwav#mufvHk;rSm oifhudk 'kuQtay;Edkif qHk;u ckvdkpmeJ@a&;xm;wJh oufaocHcsufygbJ?

b,f[mudkrS 0efrcHygeJ@ ? cifAsm;ta=umif;xGufcsufay;r,fh/ oufaoeJ@&ifqdkifawG@ay;&ifawmif bmudk rS0efrcHygeJ@? pdwf"mwft& t!Gef@usKd;aewJh 'DvdkoufaoawGudk “olwdk@udk rodygbl;? olwdk@eJ@twl &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefcJhwm r&Sdygbl;”vdk@ worwfwnf;jiif;+yD; &ifqdkif&if ppfa=uma&;umvrSmjzpfjzpf/ tr_ppfaq;aepOfrSm jzpfjzpf olwdk@xGufcsufawGudk jyef&kwfodrf;oGm;wwfygw,f?

oifhrdwfaqGtenf;pku oifvnf; ygygw,fvdk@ quf+yD;xGufqdkae&ifawmif oifhrSm 0efcHzdk@ tcsdeftrsm; }uD;usefygao;w,f? ‘&mZ0wfr_’udk usL;vGefcJhygw,fvdk@ 0efcHzdk@qHk;jzwfw,fqdk&if oifha&S@aea&S@rSm 0efcHyg? ydkaumif;wmu w&m;&Hk;rSm 0efcHyg?

ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; v$rf;rdk;tEdkifusifhcH&&if/ xifa&mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif tvkyfcH&&if/ a&S@ae&J@ t}uH^m%f&,lzdk@ (&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'eJ@ qef@usif+yD;) jiif;y,fcH&&if E_wfydwfaeyg? 'grSr[kwf bmrSrywfoufcJh ygbl;vdk@ jiif;yg?

rouFmol wa,mufxufydk+yD; ppfa=umcHae&wJh umvrsKd;rSm ykvdyfudkausmzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;vHk;0r&Sdbl; qdkwm em;vnf&r,f? qdkygpkd@³³³ rouFmolwa,mufudk (ykvdyfu ar;vdk@) tjcm;rouFmolwa,mufeJ@ aumfzD qdkifrSmpum;ajymcJhwmudk jyefajym+yDqdkygpdk@? ykvdyfudkvrf;v$Jzdk@ tr_eJ@rqdkifwJh tao;pdwfta=umif;t&mav;awG udk pajymvdrfhr,f? 'Dtao;pdwfawGudk 'kwd,rouFmcH&oludk oGm;ajymwJhtcg “[m³³³ 'Daumifawmh azmf+yD”vdk@ xif+yD; pajymawmhrSmbJ?

vlwpkudk ppfa=umcH&&if ykvdyfudkvSnfhpm;Edkifzdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifyg? olwdk@rSm wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifhvnf;r&Sd/ b,ftcsufudk azmfajymr,fqdkwmvnf; n‡dE_dif;cGifh r&Sdvdk@ygbJ?

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29

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30

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cifAsm;rSm wefzdk;xm;wJht&mwcsdK@&Sdw,f? 'gudk ESpfESpfumum ,Hk=unfw,f? ('Dwefzdk;xm;r_awG[m usaemfhtwGufawmh tpdrf;oufoufjzpfayr,fh cifAsm;E_wfqdwfaewmudkawmh +zdKcsypfEdkifw,f?) 'Dwefbdk;xm;r_ awG[m cifAsm;,Hk=unfr_awG&Jh tajccHawGbJ? KGB eJ@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@awGtzdk@ cifAsm;tr_udk ppfaq;&cuf apwJht&mawGjzpfayr,fh cifAsm;twGufawmh&Sif;aewmbJ? tJ'Dt&mawGu cifAsm;udkaysmhoGm;atmif vkyfvdk@&yg w,f? cifAsm;&JhtvGef&dk;&Sif;wJh twWADZpdwfudk awG@wmeJ@ cifAsm;wefbdk;xm;r_awGudk vufeuftjzpfoHk;vdk@ &+yD? cifAsm; axmifusrSmudka=umufwm/ axmifxJu apmEdkifor#apmapm jyefxGufcsifwm--pwmawG[m usaemfwdk@

အတြက္အေရးမႀကီးေတာ့ပါဘူး၊ခင္ဗ်ားကစကားေျပာခ်င္စိတ္မရွိဘူး၊ကိုယ့္ကိုကိုယ္ကာကြယ္ခ်င္တယ္၊ဒါမွမဟုတ္

လည္းခင္ဗ်ားတို႕တိုက္ပြဲရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္နဲ႕နည္းလမ္းေတြဟာ ဘယ္ေလာက္မြန္ျမတ္သန္႕စင္တယ္ဆိုတာ ေျပာေကာင္း ေျပာလိုေပလိမ့္မယ္။ဘာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ေလ ခင္ဗ်ားစကားေျပာလာၿပီဆိုၿပီးတာဘဲ။

uJ³³³ck cifAsm;eJ@usaemfESpfa,muf pum;ajym=uawmhr,f? usaemfuawmh aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;prf; oyfcH+yD;om; enf;a[mif;}uD;awGoHk;rSmbJ? tHh=op&maumif;wmu tJ'D enf;a[mif;}uD;awGu (90)&mE_ef; avmuftvkyfjzpfw,fAs?

cifAsm;udk,fcifAsm; 'DtajctaeeJ@ aeom;wusjzpfatmif vkyfvdkufygOD;? tvsifrvdkygeJ@av? 'Dpmydk'f awGudk aocsmtcsdef,lzwfyg? tcsufwcsuf+yD;wdkif; c%em;+yD;pOf;pm;yg? pdwWaZ' jyZwfav;wyk'fvdkvkyf+yD; pOf; pm;yg? usaemfae&mrSm oli,fcsif;wa,mufudkppfckdif;+yD; upm;=unfhyg? usaemfhar;cGef;awGudk ouf&Sdvlwa,muf &Jh toH=um;&awmh ydktouf0ifwmaygh? cifAsm;&Jhwkef@jyefyHkawGudk jyefqef;ppfyg? apm'uwuf csifpdwfudk }udK;pm; +yD;azsmufyg? usaemfhudk &Sif;jyzdk@/ vufcHvmatmifvkyfzdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? usaemfu t+rJwrf;rSefwJh vl? wdwfqdwfaewJhtxJrSm cifAsm;&JhpdwfxJ cifAsm;&JhtajzawGudk jyefem;axmif=unfhyg?

+yD;aemhrS cifAsm;odyfpdwf&_wfoGm;wJh tcsdefav;awGudk jyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg? rdwfaqGawGeJ@ bma=umifhjzpf& ovJ qdkwJhtajzudk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;=unfhyg? tcufcJqHk;tajctaeawGrSmawmif cifAsm;yg;pyf ydwfaezdk@vdkw,f?

wae@us&if 'D[mawG[m toHk;0ifaumif;0ifvmygvdrfhr,f?

1. cifAsm;rajzbl;qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk@u zrf;&awmhrSmbJ? tdrfjyefcsif&if ajymAsm³³³cifAsm; 'DpmapmifawGudk b,fu &cJhovJqdkwmudk

2. cifAsm;tr_u bmrSta&;r}uD;ygbl;? cifAsm; ckvdkacgif;rmae&ifom tpdk;&a&S@aeu zrf;zdk@ trdef@ay; awmh rSm? 'Dvdk pmapmiftr_awG usaemfwdk@qDrSmwyHk}uD;pmapmifav; vufxJawG@&HkeJ@awmhb,fol@ udkrS rzrf; ygbl;Asm? usaemfwdk@tawG@t}uHKt&awmh b,fol@qDuae/ b,fuae pmapmifawG& w,fvdk@ yGifhyGifh vif;vif;ajymwJhvl[m 'Djzef@csda&;xJrSm xJxJ0if0ifrygwm aocsmw,f? olwdk@u zrf;avmufwJholawGG r[kwfygbl;? vufum;orm;awGbJ? 'dk@u pdwf0ifpm;wmyg? vufvDorm; awGudk *&krpdkufygbl;? pum;ajymzdk@ jiif;qefaewJholuawmh vufum;orm;bJ? cifAsm;vdkaygh? cifAsm;pdwfudk ajymif;vJatmifvkyfzdk@/ yg;pyfyGifhvmatmifvkyzdk@ axmifxJrSm(3)vavmufawmh oGm;aevdkufOD;aygh?

3. cifAsm;udkzrf;&wm ckvdk zGifhajymzdk@ jiif;qefaevdk@bJ? cifAsm;udk OD;‘u’}uD;&hJ xGufqdkcsuf zwfjyr,f? olu 'DudpPxJrSm cifAsm;xuf trsm;}uD;ydkvkyfcJhwJholqdkwm cifAsm;odygw,f? 'gayr,fh ckolvGwfoGm; +yDav?

4. cifAsm;ckvdkxGufcsufay;zdk@jiif;qefaewmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/ tpdk;&a&S@aeujzpfjzpf tjypf&Sd w,f vdk@,lqp&m jzpfvmvdrfhr,f? 'g &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'u qdkxm;wmbJ? jypfr_usL;vGef+yD; jypfr_usL;vGef ol&Jh pdwfaeoabmxm; b,fvdk&Sdw,fqdkwmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/ tpdk;&a&S@ae ujzpfjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSmawmh oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkbl;? txl;ojzifh jypfr_usL;vGef+yD;a=umif; 0efcHwJholawG/ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawGudk tr_ta=umif; tcsuftvufjynfhjynfhpHkpHk ajymjyolawG udkaygh? 'g[m tr_udk w&m;&Sifv$wfzdk@/ y vyfzdk@ 'grSr[kwfrv$Jruif;om &Hk;a&mufoGm;&ifvnf; oufouf!Sm!SmpD&ifzdk@ vHk avmufwJhta=umif;awGbJ? cifAsm; csufcsif; xGufcsufay;ovm;/ tawmf=um=umppf+yD;rS vaygif;t awmf=umrS xGufcsufay;rvm;qdkwm w&m;&Hk;twGuf ta&; r}uD;ygbl;?

5. [kwfvdkufavAsm cifAsm;u ol&Jaumif;jzpfcsifvdk@ yg;pyfydwfaewmudk;? cifAsm;u ydkvef aygifrkef@udk pm;+yD; &efolwa,mufvdk E_wfydwfxm;awmhwmudk;? tck'DrSm cifAsm;udk vmpum;ajymaewm tjypfuif;ol awGudk a&G;xkwfzdk@/ ydkvefjynf}uD;udkulnDcsifayr,fh toHk;cscHae&olawGudk wu,fh &efoltppfawGeJ@ cGJxkwfzdk@bJ? at;--rif;uawmh&efolbJ? 'dk@vkyf+yDqdk&ifawmh rif; roufombl; rSwfaya&mh?

33

6. rif;touf (30)&Sd+yDaemf? a,mufsm;&Sdw,f? uav;ESpfa,mufeJ@? rif;udkaxmifcsvdk@&wJhtaxmuft xm;awG 'dk@rSmwyHk}uD;&Sdw,f? ajratmufpmapmifjzef@csr_eJ@ pGJcsufwifrvm;/ tpdk;&udk jzKwfcs&ef }uHpnfwJh &mZ0wfruif;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifyg0ifr_eJ@ pGJcsufwifrvm;? }udKufwmvkyfvdk@ &w,f? 'kwd, tr_eJ@om &Hk;wifvdkufvdk@uawm ppfcHk&Hk;eJ@ppfrSm? atmufxpf(5)ESpfbJ? (5)ESpfqdkwm trsdK;orD;w a,muftwGufawmh tawmf=umwmaem? a,mufsm;wa,mufxuf pm&ifayghav³³³? axmifuxGufvm&if axmifuESdyfpufvdkufvdk@ vluvnf;a=umifawmifawmifjzpfae/ &kyfuvnf; tdkemusaerSm? &mZ0wfr_eJ@ axmifxJa&mufvm+yD; ck rif;eJ@twlwl wcef;xJrSmaewJholawGudkar; =unfhprf;yg? axmif (5)ESpfus+yD; jyefxGufoGm;wJhrdef;r b,fESpfa,mufrsm; jyefp&mtdrf&Sdao;vdk@vJ? rif;a,mufsm;udk qdkvdkwmaemf? rif;eJ@ igwdk@eJ@ em;vnfr_av;wckavmuf prf;=unfh=u&if raumif; bl;vm;? rif;vkyfay;&rSmu wckxJ? a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;xJu rif;&JhtquftoG,fawGudk igwdk@udkajymjy/ 'dk@utwif;t=uyfqHk; v#dK@0Sufxm;rSmyg? +yD;awmh rif;udk igwdk@u pmapmifjzef@csdr_eJ@bJ qufppfr,f? 'gqdk qdkif;iHhaxmif'%f(2) ESpfavmufeJ@ w&m;&Hk;xJu tomav; vrf;avsmufxGuf oGm;EdkifrSm aocsmw,f?

7. 'Dtr_rSm tjcm;olawG b,fvdkxGufqdkxm;w,fqdkwm igzwfjywm rif;=um;+yD;+yDr[kwfvm;/ rif;oli,fcsif;awGuawmh olwdk@tjypfudk 0efcHEdkfifavmufatmif &dk;om;=uw,fuG? at;av³³³ igajymwm oabmrwlvnf;/ b,folbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@ owWdudkawmh av;pm;&rSmbJuG? tJ³³³ rif;uawmh vla=umufwJh/ owWdr&SdwJhaumif?

8. OD;‘u’}uD;eJ@ awG@+yD;rSawmh rif;oli,fcsif;awGu olwdk@odwm &dk;&dk;om;om; tukefajymae+yDqdkwm rif; oHo,jzpfp&m rvdkawmhygbl;uGm? rif;wdk@ta=umif; 'dk@tm;vHk;odxm;+yD;omqdkwm rif;ckawmhod+yD r [kwfvm;? wu,ftawG@t}uHK&ifhwJh vufaxmufawGuawmh tazmfeJ@vkyfwJhtr_ qdkwm tzrf;cH& wmeJ@ ay:awmhrSmbJqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG? vlrsm;rsm;ygav 'dk@twGuf vG,fulavbJ? olv#dKr_/ aiGtvGJoHk;pm;r_/ vdrfvnfr_tm;vHk; 'Dvdkcsnf;bJ? rif;=unfhav 'Dvdktr_rsdK; rSm taES;eJ@tjref wa,mufa,mufu pajymwmcsnf;bJuG? rif;wdk@tr_wGJbJ=unfhav/ rif;wa,mufuvGJvdk@ vlwdkif;u ajymae+yD? rif;awmhemawmhrSmbJ? =unfhav³³³tqHk;usawmh tm;vHk;uudk,fvGwf&Hk;=uawmhwmbJ? wa,mufudkwa,muf v$Jcsvdk@/ rajymwJholu "g;pmcH jzpfrSmbJ? aemufrS usaemfajymygawmhr,fqdk&if odyfaemufusoGm;+yD udk,fhvl? w&m;&Hk;uvnf; t&ifqHk;zGifhajymwJholudk ,HkwmbJuG? uJ--rif; oli,f csif; OD;‘u’}uD;&JhxGufqdkcsufudk jyef=unfh&atmif? oluajymawmh rif;u ol@udk vyfAvif(Lublin) eJ@ (Lodz) rSm csuGufaoawG pDpOfcdkif;cJhwmqdk? +yD;awmh rif;u bkef;awmf}uD; ³³³eJ@ tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@vnf; csdef;cdkif;cJhao; w,fqdkbJ?

9. rif;u rifhuav;udk rcspfbl;vm;? [kwfvm;/ rif;u uav;rxdef;csifbJ axmifxJrSmbJ aecsifwmudk;uG/ rifhuav;uawmh tdrfrSm wa,mufxJrae&Jvdk@ tdrfeD;em;csif;awGqD idk+yD;wae@vHk; avsmufoGm;ae w,f? rifhudk uav;tkyfxdef;cGifh &kwfodrf;vdkuf+yD; uav;udk rdbrJha*[m ydk@vdkufwmbJaumif;r,f? 'gu taumif;qHk;jzpfrSmbJ?

10. uJ³³³'gawG yGifhyGifhvif;vif;pm&if;&Sif;=u&atmifav? rif;taemuf*smreDudk ypPnf;wcsdK@ydk@cJhw,f qdkwm igwdk@ aumif;aumif;odygw,fuG? 'Dvrf;a=umif;udkvnf; igwdk@odygw,f? wefjyefaxmuf vSrf;a&; Xmeu ay;wJhowif;t& rif;u 'Dvrf;a=umif;uwqifh trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuf tvufawG ydk@cJhw,fwJh? olv#dKr_eJ@ w&m;pGJrcHcsif&ifawmh wvrf;bJ&Sdw,f? 'DypPnf; awG rif;udk b,fol u ay;cJhw,fqdkwm 'dk@udkajymuGm? tJ'Dvlu rif;udk olay;cJhwm[m omref vufurf; pmapmifav;awG ygvdk@om oufaojyEdkif&if 'dk@u aemufwae@ v$wfay;rSmaygh?

11. rif;u wu,fhudk ,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ pdwf"wftjynfheJ@vkyfwm igwdk@u odygw,f? rif; t wm? tawG@ t}uHKr&Sdwm? vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwf&SdwmawGudk olwdk@u toHk;csoGm;wmbJ? rif;udk 'Dvkyfief;awGxJ qGJoGif;oluvnf; wcsdK@tcsufawGudk eJeJ‘um;’ajymw,fuGm? (1980)=o*kwfv rwdkifcif(Gdansk) oabFmusif;tygt0if qENjyyGJrsm; woD}uD;jzpfcJh+yD;/ ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ay:aygufvmonfh

34

tcsdefu wcsdK@ tpdk;&qHk;jzwfcsufawG rw&m;bl;qdkwm igwdk@oabmwlygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif;vnf; 'DvdkygbJqdkwm [kwfygw,fuGm/ bmbJjzpfjzpfav rif;uawmh olwdk@toHk;csoufoufjzpfae+yD? rif;u awmh olwdk@b,folawGvJ/ olwdk@EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawGu bmawGvJ/ olwdk@rSm b,fvdk tquf toG,fawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;uawmh rod&Smbl;? OyrmuGm³³³rif;wdk@‘aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ e,fajrcHt}uHay;[m pwmvifacwfu &J&Jawmuf bk&m;rJh0g'Dqdkwm rif;odvm;? *dkrlum(Gomulka) acwfu 0dkif;Zif;o,f (AD,ifem&Hk;pdkuf emZDrkqdk; Simon Wiesenthal &Jh olv#dKjzpfcJhbl;wm rif;odvm;? taemufEdkifiHb%frSm pm&if;zGifhxm;wm rif;odvm;? abmufpf0yf*Gef; um;}uD;pD;aewmaum rif; odvm;? oluawmh ol@woufwm zlvHkae+yDuG? rif;&Jh &dk;&dk;ukwfukwf aeygw,fqdkwJh acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;‘u’}uD;uvnf; v#dK@0SufcsufawGeJ@bJuG? rm&S,favmumvu rif;wdk@tkyfpktwGuf taxmuftyHh tultnDawG a':vm b,favmuf&cJhw,fqdkwm rif;wdk@udk ajymjycJhzl;ovm;? b,fol@qDu&w,fqdk wmaum rajymbl;vm;? jiif;r&wJh oufaocHawG =unfhcsifao;ovm;?

12. rif;rSmuav;&Sdvm;/ r&Sdbl; [kwfvm;? 0rf;enf;ygw,fuGm? igarhoGm;vdk@yg/ aumif;wmaygh? tJ'godyf aumif;wmaygh? vleJeJbJcH&av aumif;avayhguGm? 'gayr,fh wckawmh&Sdw,f? rif;tjypf&oGm; &ifawmh aoG;qHk;ae+yDaem/ uav;&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdawmhbl;ayghuGm?

13. rif;udkppfaq;vdk@&wJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@ rif;udk olv#dKr_eJ@ &Hk;wifvdk@&w,f? rif;tr_udk ppfcHk&Hk;udk v$Jvdk@ &w,fqdkwm rif;odvm;? puf&Hk‘u’}ud;[m ppfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm ywfoufaew,fqdkwm rif; odvm;? P8 Xmeu bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwmaum rif;odvm;? rodbl;r[kwfvm;? P8 puf&Hk tvkyf orm;awGxJu b,folawG rif;qDu aiGeJ@tpm;tpmawG &aew,fqdkwm igwdk@odw,f? ‘tzdESdyfcHrsm; twGuftultnD’vdk@awmh emrnfcHwmayghuGm? olwdk@csif; b,fvdk tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr_&Sdw,fqdkwm rif;rodbl;? 'g axmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;uG/ rif; igwdk@ajymwm,HkyguGm? ppfvufeufxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;u tvkyfjzKwfcH&olawG&Jh trnfawG/ vdyfpmawG &r,fqdk&if b,faxmufvSrf;atzGJ@urqdk aiGay;rSmbJuG? b,fol t&ufaomufvGefvdk@ tvkyfjzKwfcH&w,f qdkwmawmif olwdk@u odcsif ao;w,f? oydwform;awmh rajymeJ@awmhayghuGm? rif; igajymwm em;axmifprf;yg? axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDwcktwGuf olwdk@tm;vHk;[m tvm;tvm&Sdaom olv#dKawGbJ? rif;u tJ'Dolv#dKpkaqmif; a&;vkyfief;rSmygaewm rif;odvm;? rif;u rodvdk@ vkyfae wmvm;? olv#dKvkyfief; Zmwf&_wf}uD;xJygae wmudk rodavmufatmif t aewmvm;awmh igwdk@ rodbl;ayghuGm? rif;udk igwdk@ rsm;rsm;rar;ygbl;? 'Dukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;rSm rif;tjyif b,folygao;vJ qdkwmudk igu odcsifwmyg? 'gav;ygbJuG? 'gu wu,fudk ukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;tppfjzpfw,fqdk&if b,folrSrxdcdkufap&ygbl;? rif;udkawmh wckowday; vdkufr,f? rif;udk 'dk@v$wfay;vdkuf+yD; odyfr=um cif rif; rawmfwqr_wckckeJ@awG@r,f? 'grSr[kwfvnf; udk,fhtdrfrSm aoa=umif;}uHwmudkbJjzpfjzpf awG@&vdrfhr,f? axmufvSrf;a&;XmeawGu olwdk@ bmvkyf& r,fqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG?

14. rif;udk OD;‘u’u aiGawG c%c%ay;awm igwdk@odygw,fuG tJ'DxJu wcsdK@eJ@ rif;u aq;qdk;yef;&dkuf tvkyf&Hkav;axmifzdk@/ usefwJh ydkufqHudk txdef;odrf;cHrdom;pkawGudk axmufyHhzdk@ayghuGm? OD;‘u’}uD; u &dk;ygw,fuG/ olu 'dk@udk tukefvHk; tao;pdwfajymjyw,f? a':vmeJ@taemuf*smref‘rwf’aiGawG b,frSmvJw,f? ydkvefZavmhwD b,favmuf&w,fqdkwm igwdk@tukefodw,f? rif;uol@udk vufusef &Sif;wrf;ray;vdk@ eJeJawmh pdwfylaew,fuG? b,fol@udk b,favmufay;vdkuf&w,fqdkwm rif;u 'dk@udk rajymbl;ayghav? at; ³³³aumif;ygw,fuGm? 0g'jzef@csda&;twGufawmh 'Dvdkjzpfwm ydkaumif;wmayghuGm? rif;udk tao;pm; aiGtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfol/ vlvdrftjzpfeJ@ igwdk@u &Hk;wifr,f? odyfudkaumif;wJhtr_ ayghuGm? “}uD;rdkufvl&_wf}uD;or*~ ydkufqH,l+yD;awmh ajratmufol&Jaumif; [efaqmifjcif;”ayghuGm? nuvyfawGrSm rif; b,fvdkydkufqHjzKef;cJhw,fqdkwm usrf;}udrf+yD; oufao xGufr,fholawG wyHk}uD;&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? 'dk@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aewJh zmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f qdkwm rif;odygw,f? rif;rSm a&G;p&m(2)ckbJ&Sdw,f? 'dk@ar;wmajz+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ@0ifawGudk &Hk;wif wJh tr_wGJxJygrvm;? EdkifiHa&;t& odyfudkta&;}uD;wJh/

35

xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfawGeJ@twlayghuGm? 'grSr[kwf OD;aESmufr&SdbJ ckvdkjiif;ae+yD; w&m;cH0uf+cHxJrSm xdkifrvm;? 0gaqmw+rdK@vHk;u zmawGu rif;tr_twGuf oufaoxGuf=urSmuG? pOf;pm;ayghuGm rif;a&G;wJhtwdkif;ygbJ?

15. rif; tckvdk acgif;rmwm/ E_wfqdkwfaewm[m rif;wa,mufxJemrSm r[kwfbl;/ wjcm;vlawGvnf; emrSm? rif;tcef;u 'dk@&SmawG@wJh vufurf;pmapmifa&S@tzHk;rSm a': ‘c’ acG;&Jhzkef;eHygwf awG@xm; w,fuG? 'dk@u ol@udkzrf;xm;+yD;+yD? olu odyf+yD;pdwf"wf}uH@cdkifolr[kwfbl;qdkwm rif;odygw,f? ol@rSm uav; wa,mufvnf; usefcJhw,fuG? ol@qDuxGufcsuf 'dk@&xm;+yD;+yD? reufzefus&ifol@udk axmifxJrSm qufxm;rvm;§v$wfypfrvm;qdkwm 'dk@qHk;jzwfr,f? uHqdk;csifawmh ol@xGufcsufawGu a0hvnfa=umifywfeJ@ odyftm;aysmhvGef;w,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeu ol@udk axmifxJrSmbJ qufxm;awmh rSm igpdk;&drfw,fuGm? rif; 'dk@ar;wm rajzbl;qdk&if/ ol@zkef;eHywfudk b,fu&cJhw,fqdkwm rajymbl; qdk&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeu 'DvdkbJ vkyf&awmhrSmbJ?

16. rif;&Jh tcspfqHk;rdwfaqG r‘*’i,f&JhxGufcsufa=umifh tckvdktzrf;cH&w,fqdkwm rif;aumif;aumif; odyg w,f? olu =um=umrcHEdkifbl;avuGm? olu 'dk@udk &dk;&dk;om;om;jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xGufcsufvnf; ay;+yD;a&m wcgxJ &kwfw&uf t&kwf}udK;jywfusoGm;awmhwmbJ? owfaozdk@ }udK;pm;awmhwmbJ? 'dk@ pdwfa&m*g q&m0efuajymwmawmh pdwfusa&m*gwJh? ol@udk tck txl;aqmifrSmxm;vdkuf+yD? tJ'Dtaqmif&Jhtajc taeu usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh a,musfm;wa,mufawmif &ifqdkifzdk@rvG,fbl;? 'Daumifrav;udk rif;u rif;&Jh tpdk;&qef@usifa&;tkyfpkxJ xnfhvdkufwm 'dk@odygw,f? rif;u ol@t xufu/ ckawmh 'Duav;rav;&Jh aemifa&;u rif;vufxJrSm? rif;qDu 'dk@xGufcsuf&&if/tif; ³³³ qdkygawmhuGm³³³rif;u ol@udk *'ef@(Gdansk)oabFmusif;udk oHk;av;acgufv$wfw,f? ajratmuf pmapmifawGjzef@csd&mrSm eJeJyg;yg;avmuf ygcJhw,fqdkwmavmufeJ@qdk&ifawmh 'dk@u ol@udkcsufcsif; v$wfvdkufrSmbJ? 'dk@udk ,HkyguGm? 'dk@uvnf; axmifxJrSm ckvdkowfaowmawG c%c%rjzpf apcsifygbl;? oluawmh cktcsdefrSm bmrqdkvkyfEdkif w,faem? uJ³³³'dk@wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnf Edkif+yDvm;? tvGefoem;p&maumif;wJh pdwfusa&m*g &aewJh rdef;uav;wa,muf&Jh vGwfajrmufa&; [m rif;vufxJrSm&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk?

17. rif;eJ@aphpyfxm;wJh/ rif;eJ@twlzrf;rdwJh aumifrav;u rif;udk umuG,fzdk@awmh }udK;pm;aewmbJuG? olu 'dk@udkajymjyawmh tawmf=um+yDuG? ol@xGufcsufxJu wcsdK@udk 'dk@zwfjyr,f? tcspfpdwfv$rf; aewJh rdef;rawGxHk;pHayghuGm? olvkyfcJhwmawG yHk}uD;csJ@ajym/ rif;vkyfcJhwmawG av#mhajym? 'DyHk twdkif; qdk oluawmh axmif'%ftawmfwefae+yDuG? rif;odwJhtwdkif;bJ olurvnfbl;av? vlwdkif;u vnf; rif;vdk acgif;rrmbl;? igh tawG@t}uHKt&ajym&&if/ igrif;udkajym&§r&awmh rodbl;ayghuGm? rif; Bridge zJ upm;wwfvm;? upm;wwfw,f/ [kwfvm;? ajymjyprf;yguGm? aumif;aumif; upm;wwfwmeJ@ nHhnHhupm;wwfwm b,f[mu ydkvG,fovJqdkwm em;axmifprf;? rif;om wu,faumif;aumif;upm;wwf&if yGJudka&S@uOD;aqmif&w,fuG? rif;omajymr,fqdk&if rif;xGuf csuftwdkif; igu 'Daumifrav;udk ppf&rSmbJ? ol@xGufcsuftwdkif; ppfp&mrvdkbl;? wu,fawmh ig rif;udk tckvdk&Sif;rjy&bl;? rif;udk *k%foa&&Sd vl}uD;vlaumif;vdk@ igrxifbl;uG? zmacgif;awmif rif; xufydk+yd; udk,fhoduQmudk,fxdef;Edkifao;w,f? b,fvdkvJ? ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm; ol&Jaumif; }uD;&Jh? xGD³³³ tvum;aumif? aumifrav;u ol@udk,fol yHkcsaeor# rif;u at;at;aq;aq; xdkifapmifhvdk@?

18. tpdk;&qef@usifa&;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk rif;tcef;(rif;rSm tcef;vnf;r&Sdygbl;)u rdwmr[kwfbl;? rif; rdbawG&Jhtcef;u rdw,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? rif;taz b,frSmvkyfw,f/ ol@&mxl;u bmqdk wm rif;odygw,f? rif;uawmh 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awG b,fu&w,fqdkwm 'dk@udkckxd rajymao;bl;? 'gqdk &if 'gawGudk rif;tazqDu&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmbJ? [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;? igwdk@uawmh 'Dvrf;ajrSmifav; udk&Smzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yD? igajymwm,Hkprf;yguGm? 'dk@uvkyfr,fqdk&if/ vkyf+yDqdk&if rifhtazawmh udpPt jywfbJ? igtrSwfrrSm;bl;qdk&if rif;tazu yifpif,lzdk@(2)ESpfbJ vdkawmhwmbJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;?

36

19. rif;u i,fvnf;i,f ^m%fvnf;xufwJhrdef;uav;wa,mufbJ? rif;rSm t,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawG/ tpDtpOfawG&SdrSmbJ? 'gayr,fh ppfa=uma&;wavsmufvHk; rif;u wu,fh iwHk;wa,mufvdkygbJvm;? wckck ,l cJw,f? wckckudk tjcm;wae&mudk v$Jay;vkdufw,f? wa,mufa,mufeJ@ awG@cJhw,f/ 'gbJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh uGm³³³ ‘u’}uD;uqdk ol@EdkifiHa&;tjrifhawGudk tpD&ifcHpm t&Snf}uD;a&;ay;w,f? 'gqdk 'dk@uvnf; ol@udk EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftjzpf &Hk;wifvdk@ &wmaygh? rif;usawmh ol@&Jhr,m;/ ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;,m,Dtazmf rdef;uav;wa,muftjzpfbJ ajymvkd@&awmhrSm? 'D[mu rif;eJ@ vdkufyghrvm;qdkwm igawmh odyfraocsmbl;?

20. ‘ajratmuftzGJ’qdkwJhxJu rif;oli,fcsif;awGvkyfaeyHkuawmh wu,fhudk taysmfwrf;qefvGef;w,f? ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudkvnf; rvdkufembl;? rif;t&ifwcgtzrf;cH&wmvnf; 'DaumifawG ayghaygh qqvkyfvdk@/ toHk;rusvdk@bJ? rif;uawmh olwdk@xuf trsm;}ud;omw,f? yg&*lwa,mufbJqdkwm igwdk@ odw,f? rif;a&;xm;wJh pnf;urf;awG('D[m rif;a&;w,fqdkwm igwdk@odygw,fuG? ‘u’}uD;u ajymxm; +yD;+yD?)twdkif; vdkufem&if rif;wdk@tpkudk rdzdk@rvG,fbl;? uHqdk;csifawmh rif;u tvum; aumifawGeJ@oGm; aygif;rdwmudk;uG? rif;uawmh wu,fhvlawmfyg? 'dk@u tvkyfudkaocsmvkyfwwf wJholawGudk oabmus ygw,f? w&m;&Hk;ppfcsufrSwfwrf;awG[m(wjcm; rif;a&S@utpkawGvdkbJ) wcsdefus ordkif;okawoDawGt wGuf ordkif0ifypPnf;jzpfrSm aocsmw,f? tJ'Dordkif;okawoDawGu rif;wdk@tpkudk wu,fhpnf;&Hk;r_&dSwhJ EdkifiHa&;t&&ifhusufwJhtpktjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? iaygtkyfpkwpk tjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? ordkif;0ifusefapcsif&if rif;wdk@tpkudk taumif;jrifapcsif&if ajymuGm? rif;wdk@ owif;pmjzef@csda&;uGef,uf b,fvdk wnfaqmufxm;w,f qdkwmudk?

21. rif;u 'kwd,vdkif;xJrSmygw,f? aemifrSm ykvdyfeJ@ppfom;awGudk "gwfqDyHk;awGeJ@ypfr,fholawGaygh? rif;vdk aumifawG awG@zl;aygif;rsm;+yDuGm? a[haumif³³³'D'kwfudk =unfhprf;/ [dkzufvSnfhroGm;ygeJ@uG? ighvlawG u rif;udkbmrSrvkyfygbl;? 'dk@rSm tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ em;axmifprf; 'gawG rif;udk b,folay;wmvJ?

22. rif;a&S@upmtkyfudk=unfhprf;? 'gbmvJ? b,fola&;wmvJ? bmvdk@a&;wmvJ? rif;u yg;pyfydwf aew,f ayghav? aumif;vdkufwmuGm³³³? rif;u ckvdk aocsmyg;pyfydwfxm;zdk@ avhusifhoif=um; cHxm;&olbJ? t&ifwHk;uawmh KOR vufurf;pmapmifqdkwm &SdcJhbl;w,fuG? tJ'DxJrSm Oya' jyXmef;csufawGxJu xkwfE_wf+yD;/ trsdK;rsdK;vdrfaumuf+yD;zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsufawG ygw,f? ‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’qdkwJh tcef;rsdK;aygh? rif;a&S@u[mbJav? tJ'gbmvnf;qdkwm rif;odvm;? 'g olv#dKvkyfief;twGuf pHuswJh !$ef=um;v$mbJ? zrf;rdwJhtcsdef olv#dKwa,muf bmvkyf&r,fqdkwJh vufpGJpmapmifbJ? 'DvufpGJpmapmif &Jh tajccHu bmvJqdkwmrif;odvm;? 'DrSm tJ'D!$ef=um;csuf rdwWL? CIA ta&S@Oa&myXmecGJuae 'dk@&Jh wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;u &cJhwm? ‘OD;aESmuftaq;cH&jcif; udk wkef@jyef&mwGif tm;xm;Edkifaom avhusifhcef;tjzpf tm&Hka=umavhusifhcef;’qdkwmbJ? rif;a&S@u pmapmifeJ@ tcktcsuftvufawGeJ@ wdkuf=unfhav? tcsuf(22)csufvHk;[m twlwlbJ? rwlbl;vm;/ rif;uawmh E_wfqdwfaewkef;bJ? olv#dKvufpGJxJu !$ef=um;csufawGtwdkif; vdkufemaewkef;bJ r[kwfvm;? ?

37

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