The Little Conspirator (Translation in Burmese)

jrefrmbmomjyefxkwfa0ol. trSmpm

T " ykefuefolav; " trnfay;xm;onfh pmtkyfi,fonf wESpfav;}udrfxkwfa0aom e,l;-b&ef0pfcf ,leD AmpDwD. (1986)ckESpf rdk;OD;us "0da&m"d " pmapmifrS " The Little Conspirator " tm; bmomjyefqdkjcif; jzpfygonf?

,if;aqmif;yg;onf &dkref/ trf/ abmfa&udk; ESifh tif'&D,ma0: wdk@u rl&if; ydkvefbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefa0xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

t=urf;rzuf 'Drdkua&pDta&;}udK;yrf;ae=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf taxmuftuljyKrnf[k ,lq ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tpmtkyfu tm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awGudkoHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf?

xdk@jyif pmtkyfxJwGif “zwfyg” “zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg”/ wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg” qdkwJh trSmvnf;yg ygonf?

odk@&mwGif Oya'/ yk'fr rsm;onf ydkvefOya'rsm;om jzpfygonf?

1

ykefuefolav;

ed'gef;

bmomjyefolrsm;[m vGefcJhwJhaqmif;OD;aygufu ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;udk tm;vHk;bJ pdwf0ifpm;rdoGm;=uw,f? 'geJ@bJ rm&S,favm a=unmt+yD;/ ydkvefjynf ajratmufvSKyf&Sm;r_}uD;&Jh wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_ vrf;a=umif;udk ynm&Sifqefqef okawoevkyfief;oufouftaeeJ@ pwifavhvmcJh=uygw,f? acsa*GAm;&m;/ &D*spf'DZm;/ z&ef@zmEGef eJ@ umvdk@rm&D*,fvm wdk@oHk;cJhwJh ajratmufenf;vrf;awGeJ@ ydkvefjynfrSmoHk;aewJhenf;p epfawGudk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmEdkifzdk@ 'D “ykefuefolav; ” pmtkyfudk bmomjyefvdkuf=uygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfuav; t=urf;bmomjyef+yD;wJhtcg ydk+yD;us,fus,fjyef@jyef@zwfEdkifatmif vkyf&ifaumif;r,fvdk@ pOf;pm;rdvm=uygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfu tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awGudkoHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;w,f? 'g[m vnf; ydkvefrSm pepfwus pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;+yd;om;&SdaewJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief;}uD;&Jh tjrift,ltqawG a=umifhygbJ?

'geJ@ usaemfwdk@vnf; 'Dpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cGifh&zdk@eJ@/ wcsdK@r&Sif;wJhtcsufawGudkar;zdk@ “ykefuefolav; ” xkwfa0olawGudk “aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;” vrf;a=umif; uwqifh csOf;uyfcJh=uygw,f? olwdk@&Jh ueOD;wkef@jyefcsuf uawmh cyfjywfjywfbJ³³³ “xkwfa0cGifh ray;Edkifbl; ”wJh? 'D ajratmufvufpGJpmapmifav;[m ydkvefjynf jyify rSm b,folu pdwf0ifpm;rSmvJqdkwm&,f/ bma=umifh usaemfwdk@u'kuQcH+yD; 'Dvdk&l;a=umifa=umiftvkyfawGudk vkyfae&wmvJ³³³qdkwmawGudk em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfaeygw,f? taemufEdkifiHu y&dowfawG 'DvufpGJpm apmifav;udk bma=umifh pdwf0ifpm;=ur,fqdkwmudk tawmfav; aqG;aEG;+yD;awmhrS xkwfa0cGifh jyKvdkuf=uygw,f? awG@qHkar;jref;zdk@vnf; cGifhjyKcJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ar;cGef;awGudk pmeJ@a&;ar;cJh+yD;/ tajzawGudk vnf; =um;cHyk*~dKvfawGuwqifhbJ &cJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cGifh&cJhwJhol[m “ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ” tcef;udk a&;cJholvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? olu emrnfrazmfcsifbJaevdk+yD;/ ckvdk ynm&Sifrsm;&Jh ar;jref;jcif;cH&wmudkvnf; odwf}udKufyHkr&ygbl;? tcsuftvuf jynfhjynfhpHkpHkay;vdkuf&if CND xkwfa0a&; wdkuf&Jh vHk+cHKr_udk xdcdkufrSm olpdk;&drfwmvdk@ em;vnfEdkifygw,f?

“ykefuefolav; ”pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwm ydkvefrSm rm&S,favma=unmt+yD; &mZowf}uD;eJ@ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'wdk@udk rjyifqifrD a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwmyg? tJ'Dumv[m (1982)aEGOD; jzpfzdk@rsm;wmu rwf vavmufuyg? “quf&ef&Sdao;onf” CND xkwfa0a&;wdkuf[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;utrnfwl ajratmuftpk wpk&Jh tpdwftydkif;wckyg? 'Dtpkudk (1981) 'DZifbm(13)&uf csufavm'DvufuD;1u rm&S,favma=unmt+yD;/ wdkufyGJ0ifol(200) odk@r[kwf(300)&JhtultnDeJ@ 0gaqmrSm xlaxmifcJhygw,f? tkyfpk&Jh oauFwpmvHk;}uD; CNDay:rSm ydkveftvH aemufjyefvGifhaewJhyHk[m yxrawmh &ifxdk;awGtjzpfay:vm+yd;/ aemufawmh vrf;ab; tkwfeH&HawGeJ@ wHwdkif;awGay:udk (1982)Zefem0g&DrSm a&mufvmygw,f?

CND [m aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ / puf&Hkaygif;pHktvkyform;aumfrwD MRKS eJ@ eD;eD;pyfpyf tquftoG,f&Sdygw,f? MRKS[m (1982) 0gaqm&Jh t&J&ifhqHk;ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;yg? quf&ef&Sdao;onf tpk[m yxrqHk; tywfpOf CNDowif;pmudk xkwfa0cJhygw,f? 'g[m MRKS&Jh tmabmfowif;pmyg? ykefuefolav; udk xkwfa0jzef@csdvdkufwm[m CND&Jh yxrajcvSrf;yg? 'DvufpGJpmtkyfudk 0gaqmrSmxkwfa0cJhwmvdk@ usaemfwdk@odxm;ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu +rdK@awmfw0dkuf vHk+cHKa&; *dwfawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ wif;=uwfxm;wma=umifh +rdK@xJudk tjyifuoGif;zdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifvdk@yg? yxrydkif; pmapmif awGudk=unfh&wm 'DvufpGJpmtkyfudk ausmufyHkESdyf eJ@ t&nftaoG;cyfnHh A4 t&G,f puULay:ul;,l+yD;rS A6 t&G,f vufeJ@jzwf+yD; csKyfpufeJ@ csKyfxm;yHk&ygw,f? puULeJ@ rifawGuawmh rm&S,favmrwdkifcif odrf;qnf;xm; cJhwJh “aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@” vufusefypPnf;awGjzpfyHk&ygw,f? pmapmifawGudk Kolporters awGu ausmydk; tdwfawG/ aps;jcif;awmif;awGxJrSm ypPnf;awGatmufu 0Suf+yD; wae&mu wae&mudk o,fydk@ay;=uw,f? +yD;awmhrS ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh rdwfaqGawGuwqifh tdrfawGrSmvdkufa&mif;=uw,f? rl&if;aps; b,favmufqdkwm

2

rod&ayr,fh/ trsm;tjym;udk tcrJhjzef@cJhwmyg? ykefuefolav;[m (25)uae(50)ZavmfwD(1982)arSmifcdkaps;eJ@ qdk tar&duefa':vm(5)qifhrS(10)qifh wefzdk;&SdrSmyg? 'Dvrf;a=umif;awGubJwqifh pmapmifa&mif;&aiGawGudk xkwfa0olqD jyefydk@ay;=uygw,f?

'DvufpGJpmapmifav;[m a&wdka&ma&&SnftwGufyg tusdK;oufa&mufr_&SdcJhygw,f? usaewJhpdwfawGudk jrSifhwifay;EdkifcJhw,f? v_yf&Sm;r_[m touf0ifaeqJ qdkwmudkjycJhw,f? r=umcif v_yf&Sm;r_[m t&Sdefjyef&vm r,f qdkwmvnf; ,Hk=unfapcJhw,f? 'ghtjyiftm%m&Sifpepfatmufu rm&S,favma=unmxm;wJh+rdK@awmfrSm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_&SdwJh/ pepfuswJhqef@usifykefuefr_wck vkyfvdk@&w,fqdkwm oufaojycJhygw,f?“ykefuefolav;”rSm yg0ifwJh ta=umif;t&mawGuawmh ta&;}uD;+rJ/ }uD;qJygbJ?

ydkvefjynfwv$m; jyef@usJaewJhtpkav;awGudk erlemyHkpHHay;EdkifcJh+yD; b,fvdkykefuef&r,fqdkwJh owif; tcsuftvufudkvnf;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? xkwfa0olawGuawmh ol@pmapmifav;udk b,favmuftxd tusdK;jyKcJh w,fqdkwm xifjrifcsufay;avmufatmif ta&;r}uD;bl;vdk@xifovdk b,favmufxda&mufr_&SdcJhw,fqdkwmudk ppfa=um=unfhvdkpdwfvnf; r&Sdygbl;?

“v#dK@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@&J@ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawG&Jh wkef@jyefyHkudkawmh od&w,fAsm? olwdk@ b,fvdkenf;awGoHk; wwfw,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@ odxm;wmudk/ pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfwmawmh aocsmw,f?

“a[haumif³³³ “you” udkrif;zwf+yD;r[kwfvm;? rzwf&ao;bl;vm;? rif;!$ef=um;csufawG &xm;+yD;

+yDayghav³³³ [kwfvm;? rif;wdk@&Jh “you” qdkwm t&l;wa,mufua&;xm;wmuG? 'DaumifhrSm Oya'eJ@

ywfoufvdk@ bmA[kokwrSr&Sdbl;?”

aemufwcku ‘ykefuefolav;’[m EdkifiHawmf&kyfjrifoH=um;eJ@ ygwDtmabmfowif;pm Trybuna Ludu rSm ta&;w,lazmfjycH&wJh ajratmufpmapmif tenf;pkav;xJuwckjzpfygw,f? “aemufxyf jyifqifxkwfa0 &r,fhrlwck&Sdr,f qdk&ifaum b,favmufae&mawGudk jyifcsifygovJ”qdkwJh usaemfwdk@ar;cGef;udkawmh oltckvdk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jyef=um;cJhygw,f?

“'kwd,ydkif;uawmh jyefa&;&r,f? tcsuftvufopfawG xyfjznfh&r,f? yxrydkif;rSmvnf; jyifp&mawG

&Sdao;w,f? txl;ojzifh v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@&Jh axmufvSrf;a&;enf;pepfawGrSmaygh? w,fvDzkef; =um;jzwf

em;axmifwm toHcdk;em;axmifwm pwJh apmifh=unfha&;enf;pepfawGaygh ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;

awGrSm 'geJ@ywfoufvdk@ ,Hk=unf&avmufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGuvnf; csdK@wJhwma=umifh &Dp&m

awG/ twif;tzsif;awG/ yHkjyifawGvdk jzpfoGm;wwfw,f? ‘b,fvdkykefuefrvJ’qdkwJhtcef;udkawmh ‘b,f

vdkaexdkif&rvJ’qdkwJhtcef;udkawmh ‘b,fvdkaexdkif&rvJ’qdkwJhtcef;opfwck xyfjznfhay;&r,f?

(axmifxJrSm b,fvdkae&r,f? jzwfoef;&r,fqdkwmudk a&;xm;wmyg?) ar#mfrSef;csuf}uD;vSwJh 'Dtcef; u awmh axmifxJrSm a,m*usifhzdk@eJ@ wjcm; udk,fhudk,fudk xdef;csKyfEdkifwJhenf;awGudk a&;rSmyg? tJ'DvdkbJ

wjcm;ta&;}uD;wJh tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJqifwmeJ@ twif;t=uyftpmcGH@wmudk b,fvdkwkef@jyef&r,fqdkwm

awGvnf;ygrSmaygh? ‘ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ}uD;’ tcef;uawm ckxdrSefuefqJyg?

xyfjznfh&rSmawGuawmh ppfa=uma&;twGif;xGufcsufrsdK;pHkay;cJh&wJh tusOf;om;awGeJ@ b,fvdkxGuf csufrS ray;cJhwJhtusOf;om;awGeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cef;awGyg?”

'DawG@qHkar;jref;cef;rSm u|Ekfyfwdk@owif;axmuf}uD;u ykefuefolav;a&;om;ol&Jh aemufa=umif;&mZ0if/ trnf/ ok&JhuH=urRm³³³pwmawGudk ajymcsifyHkr&ygbl;? 'Dpmapmifudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmwJh usaemfwdk@tvkyfudk vJ uef@uef@owfowfomvkyfzdk@ t}uHay;cJhygao;w,f?

bmyJjzpfjzpf aocsmwmuawmh usaemfwdk@&Jh ajratmufowif;axmuf}uD;u “ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ” tcef;udk a&;cJholjzpfzdk@rsm;ygw,f? “EdkifiHom;ESifh v#dK@0Sufykvdyf”tcef;uvnf; NOWa u tJ'DemrnfeJ@bJ t&if uxkwfa0cJhbl;wmudk tajccHxm;wmvdk@vnf;od&ygw,f? NOWa (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jzef@csd a&;vkyfief;awGvkyfcJhwJh t}uD;qHk;ajratmufxkwfa0a&;tpkyg?

3

usaemfwdk@&Jh =um;cHyk*~dKvfrsm;u CND udkwnfaxmifol *sL;trsdK;om; Adokum Creslaw Priecki (Maciej Poleski) vdk@ vlodrsm;ol&Jh uH=urRmta=umif;udk vlod&Sif=um;vkyfzdk@ cGifhawmif;cHcJhygw,f? ol[m (1981) 'DZifbm(13)rSm pa&SmifcJh&+yD;/ (1985){+yD(13)rSm tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? (1985) atmufwdkbm(13)xJu tpmiwfcHaewm/ twif;t=uyftpmcHG@cH&ayr,fh/ (1986)Zefem0g&DvukefrSm udk,ftav;csdef aygif(60)avmuf usoGm;yg+yD?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD; Zm&lZJpuD; &Jh tpdk;&udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefwdkufcJholjzpfwma=umifh ‘ykefuefolav;’&Jh yxrtcef; ‘b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ’udk a&;cJhwJhol[m oljzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfawGudk ‘teD’ awGvdk@ oHk;wwfwJhol@"avhu 'gudk!$efjyaew,fav? ‘ykefuefolav;’udka&;om;zdk@ trdef@ay;cJhol[m olbJjzpf+yD; olra&;wJhtydkif;awGudk udk,fwdkifwnf;jzpfcJholjzpfw,fvdk@ajymjycJhygw,f?

‘ykefuefolav;”udk ta&twGuf b,favmufxkwfa0cJhw,fqdkwm&,f/ xkwfa0a&;tpk b,favmuf u xkwfa0cJhw,fqdkwmawGuawmh rSef;qzdk@ cufygw,f? pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmh ‘zwfyg’/ ‘zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg’ ‘wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkEdSyfxkwfa0yg’qdkwJh trSmawGeJ@csn;yg?

'Dpmapmif[m ydkvef&Jh (1982)aqmif;OD;&moDrSm tay:vGifqHk;pmapmifwck jzpfcJhygw,f? av#mhav#mhaygh ayghcef@rSef;&ifawmif aomif;*%ef;/ odef;*%ef;txdjzef@csdEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ rSef;&ygw,f?

taemufOa&myrSm tenf;qHk; rlESpfrl &dkufEdSyfxkwfa0cJh+yD;/ yHkrSeft&G,feJ@ t&G,fao;qdkufawGudk ydkvef jynfwGif; cdk;oGif;EdkifcJhygw,f?

'Dbmomjyef[m Roman M Boreyko (trnf0Suf)eJ@ Andre Ya Dean wdk@&Jh yl;aygif;}udK;yrf;r_jzpf ygw,f? bmomjyefr_udk wdusatmif +AdwdefEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh ydkvefvlrsdK;todkif;t0dkif;xJuwOD;u ulnDcJhygw,f? 'Dvl uvvnf; emrnfraz:vdkyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ol@&Jh tzdk;wefvSwJhtultnDeJ@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_udkawmh aus;Zl; pum; qdkcsifygw,f?

usaemfwdk@[m rl&if;a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"wfeJ@tmabmfudk trDvdkufcsifayr,fh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmbJ tcuftcJawG@cJh&ygw,f? bmvdk@vJqdk ykefuefolav;&Jh ta&;tom;[m cyfjrLjrL; cyfavSmifavSmif a&;xm;wm a=umifhyg? [mo[m³³³ 'Dpmapmif&Jh cGJjcm;r&EdkifwJh tpdwftydkif;jzpfaewmaumifh 'gudkawmh usaemfwdk@ wwfedkifoavmuf xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f?

bef;pum;awG tvGeftu|HoHk;xm;wmudkvnf; teD;pyfqHk tar&duefbef;pum;awGeJ@ zvS,fxm; ygw,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm &Sif;vif;csufawG/ xifjrifcsufawGxnfhay;zdk@vdkwmudkvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGmawG@& wwfwma=umifh pmzwfolwdk@tusdK;twGuf(vufonf;uGif;)twGif; xnfhay;xm;ygw,f?

‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’ tcef;rSmawmh b,ftydkif;utopf/ b,ftydkif;u jyefjyifa&;xm;wm/ b,ftydkif;u NOWa &Jhrl&if;qdkwmawG jyxm;ygw,f?

rl&if;pmrl a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"wfeJ@&nf&G,fcsufudk trDvdkufzdk@ usaemfwdk@ twwfEdkifqHk;}udK;yrf;xm;yg w,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&wm tawmfcufw,fqdkwmawmh awG@&ygw,f? “ykefuefolav;”udka&;xm;wJh[efu “cyfjrL;jrL;av;”a&;xm;w,f? r=umc% oa&mfpm[efawGoHk;xm;w,f? [mo[m 'DvufpGJpmapmifav;&Jh cGJjcm;r&wJhtpdwftydkif;rdk@ twwfEdkifqHk; xdef;odrf;zdk@}udK;pm;cJhygw,f? bef;pum;awGudkvnf; tawmfav;oHk; wma=umifh wwfEdkifor# teD;pyfqHk; tar&duefbef;pum;awGeJ@ zvS,fxm;ygw,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm &Sif;vif; csufawG/ oabmxm;rSwfcsufawG ay;zdk@vdkwm r=umc%awG@&wma=umifh 'gawGudk pmzwfolwdk@tusdK;twGuf vufonf;uGif;twGif;xnfhay;xm;ygw,f?

“EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf”tcef;rSmawmh b,f[mutopf/ b,f[mu jyefjyifa&;xm;wm/ b,f[m NOWa&Jhrl&if;qdkwm cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f? (jrefrmjyefwGifvnf; atmufajcrSwfpkY az:jyxm;ygonf?

4

(rl&if;)xkwfa0ol.trSm

“ykefuefolav;” ygaqmif;yg;awG[m ckcsdefxd ,m,Dtm;jzifh vGwfvyfaewJh olawG&Jh

pkaygif;}udK;yrf;csufyg?

'Dpmtkyfav;&Jh yxrydkif;udkzwf+yD;&if/ usefwJhESpfydkif;&Jh t}uH ^m%fudk ,lp&mrvdkawmh

yg? 'gayr,fh 'kwd,ydkif;udkzwf+yD;&ifawmh wwd,ydkif;udk zwfwJhtwGuf bma=umifh

w&m;rpGJEdkifbl;qdkwJh Oya'qdkif&m ta=umif;tcsufawGudk &ygvdrfhr,f? wwd,ydkif;udk

zwf+yD;&ifawmh 'Dpmtkyfav;yg ta=umif;t&mawGudk em;vnfatmif }udK;pm;oifh

w,fqdkwm odvmygvdrfhr,f?

5

rmwdum

(u) b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ (vufopfrsm;ESifh 0g&ifhrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf vrf;!$ef)

rlvZpfjrpf

ajratmuf

ukrR%D

ukefpnf

b¾ma&;

tpnf;ta0;rsm;

qufom;

rSwfpkpmtkyf

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f

csuGufao

&Hk;oGm;

tH0Sufrsm;

ajratmufyHkESdyfpuf

ykvdyf

t+rD;

tdk; (axmifacsmuf)

pD;eif;jcif;

axmifwGif;b0

emusifr_

qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;

a=umuf&GH@r_

tcsufjy

pdwWZ

odzdk@vdkonf

vGwfvyfa&;

(c) “EdkifiHom;ESifh v#dK@0Sufykvdyf”

orRmefpm

xdef;odrf;jcif;

&SmazGjcif;

ppfa=uma&;

6

(*) ppfa=uma&; upm;yGJ}uD;

(*) &nf!$ef;pmpkpm&if;

7

b,fvdkykefuef&rvJ

(ydkvef&Sd qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepf qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ.)

rlvZpfjrpf

tcsdK@aom ydkvefvlrsdK;rsm;tzdk@awmh teDawGudkqef@usifwJhwdkufyGJ[m ydkvefudk qdkAD,ufawG0ifodrf;wJh(1944) uwnf;u pcJhwmyg? tjcm;olawGtwGuf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJ[m (1956) “ydkvefatmufwdkbmawmf vSefa&;”rSm pcJhygw,f? 'DvdkbJ ‘tmpl;’ eJ@ ‘&m'Gef;’rSm ZGeftvkyform;&duQmvkyGJawGjzpfwJh(1976)xd 'Dpnf;&Hk;r_ r&Sdao;wJhv_yf&Sm;r_xJudk vlawG0ifvmrpJ&Sdygao;w,f?

tcsdK@aomolawGtwGufawmh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@(aqmfvpf'g&wD)udk pwif arG;zGm;vdkufwJh ae@u p+yD; 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;pygw,f? tvm;wlbJ tcsdK@olawGtwGufawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Zm&lZJpuD; u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=u nmvkdufwJh(1981)'DZifbm(13)&ufu 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_udkpcJhygw,f?

b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf/ b,fvdkbJ pygcJh ygcJh/ aocsmwmuawmh 'D =urRmiifwJh 'DZifbmw&ufrSmbJ ykefuefr_ jzpfawmhr,fqdkwJhtodudk tm;vHk;bJ&cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcdkuftwef@av;rSmbJ ydkvefvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m a=umuf&GH@r_ wHwdkif;}uD;udk ausmfjzwfEdkifcJh+yD; “v#dK@0SufwJhajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_w&yfuom vGyfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;Edkifw,f’ qdkwm b,fol@udkrS ajzmif;zsajymaep&m rvdkawmhygbl;? “'Denf;vrf;eJ@om vGwfvyfwJh vlr_taqmuftODawG udk wnfwef@ae apvdrfhr,f? nwGif;csif;+zdKzsufjcif;cH&r,fhtEW&m,fu uif;a0;apvdrfhr,f”vdk@ ,Hk=unfapcJh ygw,f?

“teDawGeJ@ywfoufvm&if b,fawmhrS avsmhrwGufygeJ@” ? udk,fhzufutavsmhay;p&m/ temcHp&m &Sdwmudk tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif *&kpdkufyg? okwdk@odwJh Oya'wckbJ&Sdw,f? ‘vufwacsmif;&&if/ vufwzufvHk; & &r,fwJh’? olwdk@udk vufwacsmif;ay;vdkuf&if oifudk,fwdkifrodvdkufcifrSmbJ vufwzufvHk; ygawmhr,f?

ydkvefjynf ykefuefr_jzpfpOf[m tm%mydkifawGeJ@ olwdk@&Jhv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m w&m;r0ifbl;qdkwJhtay:rSm tajccHygw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m olwdk@vufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkawmif vdkufemwmr[kwf bl;? 'gwifvm;qdkawmh r[kwfao;bl;? ajrwdkufcef;awGrxm;&bl;qdkwJh ykvdyf!$ef=um;csufawGudkvnf; vdkkufem wmr[kwfbl;?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;

(tpnf;t&Hk;)

tºuGif;rJ@ v#dK@0Suf}uHpnfa&;(ykefuefa&;)qdkwJh t,ltq[m tm;vHk;odwJh pHjyyHkpHyg? tJ'guawmh tzrf;cH&rSmpdk;vdk@ tcef;usOf;av;xJ wcg;ydwfae+yD;? bmrSrvkyfwJhenf;yg? aemufwcku ajratmufcef;xJrSmae/ urBmtESH@ t&yfav;rsufESmudk qufom;awGv$wfaewJhvluvnf; ykefuefa&;vkyfvdk@r&yg? wu,fh v#dK@0Suf }uHpnfa&;orm;[m ykvdyfutvdk&SdaewJhol rjzpfap&bl;? “aemufa,mifcHtvdkufcHae&ol’ rjzpfap&bl;? UB (ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@) u ol@ta=umif; bmrSrodolomjzpf&r,f? t&yf0wf v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ wtdrfxJ txyfcGJae+yD;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifolomjzpf&r,f?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;av;wckudk oifpwifwnfaxmif+yDqdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD;qHk;u yxr oifeJ@twl wGJzuf}uHpnf(ykefuef)r,fholawGudk oifh&Jh t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGawGxJu &SmazGyg? 'DvlawG[m oif ESpfaygif;rsm; pGm odcJhol/ aemufa=umif;&Sif;olawGjzpf&ygr,f? oifhajratmuftaqmuftODav;udk tajccHwnfaqmufrd+yDqdk wmeJ@ aemufvkyf&rJhtvkyfu tjcm; ajratmuftpkrsm;eJ@ qufoG,frdzdk@yg? wu,fppfrSefwJh ajratmuftzGJ@ tpnf; wckr&SdbJeJ@ q&m}uD;*dkuf rzrf;ygeJ@? tJ'Dvdkvkyfrd&if wu,fr&SdwJh pdwful;,OfqefwJhajr atmuftODudk

8

zefwD;rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f? oifhvdkbJ pdwful;xJrSmom ajratmuftaqmuftOD&SdwJholawG eJ@ qufoG,f rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f?

vdkwmu vHk@v/ 0D&d,&SdwJh/ &dk;om;r_&SdwJh vlwa,mufyg? 'DvdkvlrsdK;u ajratmuftaqmuftODudk wnfaqmufrdzdk@vdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dt&m &Sdvm+yDqdkwmeJ@ tcsdefeJ@ pGrf;tm;awGtrsm;}uD;oHk;+yD;/ tppftrSef eJ@ pdwful;,Ofr_udk cGJjcm;Edkif&r,f? tvkyfjzpfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfvmatmif }udK;yrf;&r,f?

qmrmqD,mwdkufyGJ}uD; udk vlawGrarh=uao;ayr,fh wu,f toufpGef@vkyfoGm;wJh oluawmh odwf rrsm;vSygbl;? 'ga=umifh oifhvlrsm;eJ@ oifudk,fwdkif&Jh vHk+cHKa&;udk owdxm;zdk@vdkygw,f?

ajratmufvkyfief;udk pwmeJ@ }uHK&wwfwmu tajccHjyifqifa&;vkyfief;awGudk rvkyfEdkifawmhwmyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf ckvdk tajccHowdrl&r,fh tcsufawGudk rvkyfrdwm[m vlxk}uD;&Jh ar#mfrSef;csufudk tcsdefrD jznfh qnf;ray;Edkifwmxuf tEW&m,fydkrsm;ygw,f?

jynfolvlxkeJ@ waoG;wnf;wom;wnf;&Sda=umif;jywmudk b,fyHkpHeJ@rqdk ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;uae }udKqdkoifhygw,f? wdwfqdwfaewJh vlrsm;pk}uD;u usaemfwdk@eJ@twl &Sdaew,fqdkwJhyHkpH jzpfzdk@vnf;vdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdkudkawmh 'Dvdk v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;xJ qGJroGif;ygeJ@? rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfta=umif;a&;xm;wJh 0wˆKawGrSmom 'grsdK;udk awG@&ygvdrfhr,f?

ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awG }uHK&avh&SdwJh tajccHtrSm;(2)ck&Sdw,f? yxrwcku udk,fhudk,fudk }uD;us,fatmifvkyfwm? }uD;us,fw,fvdk@xifaewm? ajratmufawmfvSef;a&;orm;rSm 'Da&m*gpGJuyfoGm;&if vlxkaxmufcHr_udk qHk;&_H;&awmhr,f? aemuftrSm;u “trSefwu,f pGef@pGef@pm;pm;vkyfzdk@ jyifqifxm;wJholu tenf;pkav;bJ&Sdwmudkar@+yD; vlxkudk t&rf;xifxm;wm”jzpfw,f?

ajratmuftpk[m ukodkvfjzpftzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfyg? ydkif;jzwfr_&SdwJh vlw&mu w0ufwysufom pdwf0ifpm;wJh vlwa,muf&Jh aponfhu|ef/ xGefonfhEGm;/ jzpf&efrvdkyg? olwdk@[m b,favmufbJ&dk;om;onf jzpfap/ olwdk@&Jhpnf;pdrfOpPmudkawmh rpGef@v$wfvdkyg? olwdk@rlu “cifAsm;wdk@u *k%foduQmeJ@aew,f/ usaemfwdk@u ZdrfeJ@aer,f”

ukr`%D

(ajratmuftpkonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wckESifhwlonf)

ajratmuftpkonf aocsmusepGm pnf;&Hk;zGJ@pnf;xm;rSom pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm xda&mufpGm tvkyfvkyf Edkifr,f? wOD;csif;pD atmufajcupwifzGJ@pnf;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;tjrif uGJvGJayr,fh ydkvefjynf}uD;vGwfajrmufa&;qdk wJh bHkOD;wnfcsufeJ@ vGwfvyfaom ‘ukr`%D’rsm;&Jh vkyfief;t& qufpyfxm;wJh pkaygif;tzGJ@tpnf;wckom jzpfw,f?

ukr`%Dtcsif;csif;t=um; vlxkaxmufcHr_ &zdk@eJ@}uD;xGm;zdk@ ,SOf+ydKifwm[m ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;vHk+cHKr_ udk tEW&m,fvnf;rjzpfapEdkif/ xdvnf; rxdcdkufEdkif/ odk@aomf xdcdkufapwm/ tEW&m,frsm;apwm[m uGJvGJwJh/ usifh0wfeJ@ rnD!GwfwJh/ w&m;enf;vrf;ruwJh +ydKifqdkifr_omjzpfw,f? tJ'Djzpf&yfrsdK; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;ujzpf cJhbl;w,f?

ajratmuftpnf;t&Hkk;&Jh Oya'o[m tpki,fu }uD;rm;wJhvkyfief;udk vkyfEdkifw,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f? tpk[m udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifh&Sdavav acsr_ef;cH&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;enf;avav/ jy\em enf;avavjzpfygw,f? jyify tquftoG,fa&m tpkwGif; tquftoG,fudkyg tenf;qHk;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;r,f?

pepfusewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;wckvdkbJ oD;oef@uvmyfpnf;wckpD[m ukefacsmudk wjcm;ukr`%Drsm; odk@ tenf;qHk;tquftoG,feJ@ ay;ydk@&r,f? 'g[m oifhtpktwGufaum/ tjcm;tpkrsm;twGufyg tEW&m,frus a&mufzdk@ jzpfygw,f? ajratmuftpkrSm usdK;a=umifqDavsmfwJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Jh pDrHcef@cGJr_enf;pepfawG usifhoHk;zdk@vdkygw,f? 'g[m uGefjrLepfawGu zsufqD;ypfzdk@}udK;pm; aewJht&mbJ?

ေျမေအာက္အစုဟာကုမၸဏီတခုလိုဘဲႀကီးထြားလာတဲ့အခါကုမၸဏီခြဲေတြလိုလာတယ္။ရွိလာ

ရတယ္။ဒါကို ဘာလို႔လဲဆိုတာ အရင္ၾကည့္ဖို႔ အေျခခံ ေအာက္ေျခယူနစ္ကစရမယ္။(အရင္ မိုးပ်ံတဣသိုလ္ ပုံစံလိုဘဲ အေျခအေနက လိုအပ္လာၿပီဆိုတာေသခ်ာေတာ့မွ ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာေတြရုိက္ဖို႔ပံုႏွိပ္စက္ေတြေထာင္၊ဒီပံုႏွိပ္စက္ေတြကပဲတရားမဝင္ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာအုပ္ေတြအတြက္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ေတြေထာင္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္။

oD;oef@uvmyfpnf;opfwck/ ur`%DcGJwckaxmifzdk@ vdk+yDqdkwmudk A[dkcsKyfudkifr_pepft& txufu qHk;jzwf&r,fqdkwJht,ltq[m usaemfwdk@acwf+ydKif ydkveftawG;tac:awGxJ qdkAD,ufyHkpHtoGif;cHxm;&wmudk jywJh rSm;,Gif;wJh/ yHkpHuswJh/ azmfjycsufwckbJ?

tvm;wltrSm;u vlr_w&m;r#wr_qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ t&m&m tnDtr#cGJa0a&; oabmw&m; bJ? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm vHk+cHKa&;onfom t"du/ vlr_w&m;r#wr_ r[kwfbl;?

uvmyfpnf;[m oifwdk@tm;vHk;&Jh uvmyfpnf;bJ? OD;‘u’}uD;wa,mufxJ&Jh uvmyfpnf;r[kwf? tH0SufawGvkyfzdk@ vuform;wa,mufudk &xm;+yDqdkygpdk@? tJ'Dvuform;udk wjcm;uvmyfpnf;awGxH tvm;wl vkyfief;vkyfzdk@ v$Jay;&efrvdkyg? olwa,mufxJu trsm;}uD;odoGm;&if oltzrf;cH&wJhtcg trsm;}uD;'kuQay; vdrfhr,f?

ajratmuf,lepfwck[m vkyfief;p+yDqdkwmeJ@ acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ[m rvdktyfwJh jyifytquftoG,ftm; vHk;udk jzwf+yD; tenf;qHk;om xm;&Sd&r,f? v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@(UB)udk xm;wm&Jh &nf&G,fcsufudku 'Dvdkukr`%D awGudk zsufqD;ypfzdk@bJ? olvkyfEdkifwJhenf;u (2)enf;&Sdw,f? yxrwcku uvmyfpnf; acgif;aqmifpktzGJ@udk awG@ atmif&Sm? 'Dvludkaemufa,mifcH+yD;/ w+rHKvHk;udkzrf; qdkwJhenf;? aemufwenf;u ayG;arG;+yD; udk,fxJxnfhxm;? 'DayG;u wpHkw&mwm0ef&SdwJhae&mudka&muf+yD; tawmfrsm;rsm;od+yDqdkrS 'kuQay;wJhenf;?

bmbJjzpfjzpf ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudk vkdufemyg? rawmfwq zrf;rdwmav;u w+rHKvHk;zrf;rdwmrsdK; rjzpfoifhyg?

aemufwcsufu acgif;aqmufr_udkrdoGm;+yDqdk&ifawmif uvmyfpnf;u qufv_yf&Sm;Edkif&r,f? 'grsdK;[m qdkAD,ufyHkpHr[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSmomjzpfEdkifw,f? tv,fqifheJ@ atmuftqifhu qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfvdk pdwfvnf; &Sd&r,f? csrSwfEdkifpGrf;vnf;&Sd&r,f?

'Dpdrfac:r_udk r&ifqdkifEdkif&if 'g[m usaemfwdk@ ydkvefjynf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk; b,favmuftxd qdkAD,ufyHkpH toGif;cHxm;&ovJqdkwmudk jywmjzpfrSmbJ?

ukefpnf

b,fae&mrSmrS tpxGufraerS ykefuefr_vkyfief;[m acsmarG@r,f? t+yD;rowf&ao;wJh ukefacsmudkydk@wm &mZ0wfr_bJ? 'g[m qdkAD,ufyHkpH pD;yGm;a&; vuQ%mbJ? 'grsdK;rjzpf&bl;? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm ypPnf;wdkif;udk vufaqmifxkyfovdk aoaocsmcsm xkyfydk;xm;+yD; aiGvifbef;ay: wifydk@wmrsdK;omjzpf&r,f? 'g[m ukefypPnf;ydk@ wmbJ jzpfjzpf/ owif;ydk@wmbJjzpfjzpf/ tpnf;ta0;vkyfwmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dtwdkif;bJ jzpf&r,f? v#dK@0SufawG@qHkyGJwck vkyfzdk@ tcdsef/ ae&m/ vlOD;a& pwmawGudk }udK+yD;owfrSwfxm;&r,f?

owif;ydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; owif;udk aocsmatmifjyifqif+yD; csa&;xm;&r,f? 'grSr[kwf&if tcsuf tvufawG vGJacsmfoGm;Edkifw,f? arhoGm;Edkifw,f? twif;tzsif;tjzpf ,kwfavsmhoGm;edkifw,f?

'DvdkbJ vufurf;pmapmifawGudk ajratmufyHkESdkyfwdkufawGu ydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; aocsmxkyfydk;csnfaESmif &r,f? ta&twGufudk xkyfydk;puULay:rSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;a&;xm;&r,f? 'Dvdk vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGudk aocsm vdkufem&r,f? 'Dvdkrvkyfrd&if txkyf[m vrf;rSmbJ aysmufoGm;Edkifw,f? ykvdyfu b,fuvmw,f/ b,fudkydk@ rvdk@qdkwm ajc&mcHEdkifoGm;vdrfhr,f?

10

tckvdk ysufpD;usqHk;aewJh uGefjrLepf0g'acwf}uD;rSm(1940)ckv,fuwnf;uwGuf&if udk,fhvkyftm;&Jh toD;tyGifhudkcHpm;EdkifwmrSm usaemfwdk@ ydkvefajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGrSm yxrrsdK;qufbJ? 'Dt&omudk cHpm;yg? oifhtcsdefudk aumif;pGmtoHk;csyg?

Oyrmjy&&if -- oifhudk OD;‘u’eJ@ OD;‘c’udkawG@ay;zdk@ =um;vl OD;‘*’uwqifh pDpOfcdkif;w,fqdkygpdk@? OD;‘*’ udk OD;‘u’u OD;‘c’udkawG@csifygw,f cifAsvdk@ oGm;ajym+yD;tcsdefrjzKef;ygeJ@? OD;‘*’udk 'kwd,t}udrfxyfawG@r,fh tpm;/ OD;‘c’udkawG@+yD; wcgxJ tpDtpOfudkajymyg?

'gayr,fh OD;‘u’u OD; ‘c’udk awG@csifwJhta=umif;ajymwJhtcg/ awG@zdk@tcsdefae&mudk wcgwnf;ajymvdkuf yg? tcsdefae&mwckck tqifrajywm&Sd&if xyf+yD;twnfjyKcsuf,lzdk@ rvdkyg? 'grsdK;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@ t&Hae&meJ@ tcsdefudk oifyxrqufoG,f&r,fhyk*~dKvfudk ajympOfuwnf;u wcgxJay;xm;vdkufyg?

'Dawmh 'Dvdktpnf;ta0;rsdK;twGuf erlemowif;ydk@csufyHkpHu -- “OD; ‘u’onf OD; ‘c’udk =umomy aw;ae@ nae(5)em&D(10)rdepf/ orw 0Dvfqifvrf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m owif;axmufuvyfa&S@/ ,cifyJ&pf bHktzGJ@&ifjyif awG@qHkrnf/ olonf b,fzuf*sdKif;=um;wGif jynfol@oHawmfqifhowif;pmudk nSyfvmrnf? t&Hae@ &ufrSm aom=umae@jzpfonf?

b¾ma&;

udk,fusdK;pGef@wmwdk@/ apwemh0efxrf;vkyftm;ay;wdk@ qdkwmawG[m uGefjrLepfpepf&Jh ajcmuftdyfrufawG bJ? vHk;0O\Hk udk,fusdK;rzufbl;qdkwm vufawG@eJ@ ajAmif;jyefbJ? 'g[m yHkzsufxm;wJh &nfrSef;csufwckxuf bmrSrydkbl;/ udk,fusdK;=unfhrl&Jh tqdk;qHk;yHkpHvnf;jzpfw,f? odrfi,fpdwf&Sd+yD; xHkxdkif;wJholwOD; oHk;wJh rsufESmzHk;bJ? 'DvdkvlrsdK;rSm qifajcawGtrsm;}uD;bJ? tvkyfaemufus&if “wae@vHk; wnvHk; [dk[dk'D'D ajy;v$m;ae&vdk@ygAsm”vdk@ ajymr,f? yHkESdyfwm[efrus&if “usaemf[m u|rf;usifwJh pufq&mrS r[kwfwmAsm”vdk@ ajymr,f? tpnf;ta0; wckudk aumif;aumif;rpDpOfEdkif&if “usaemfu pm;zdk@aomufzdk@ aiG&Sm&ao;w,fAs”vdk@ qifajcay;r,f/ 'Dvdk AsL&dk ua&pDtao;pm; ^mOf&SdwJhol[m 'kuQbJay;vdrfhr,f? rm&S,fyDvfqwfpuD; (Marshal Pilsudski)u wcgajym zl;w,f “olwdk@[m ydkvefjynf}uD;vGwfvyfzdk@ aiG(2)qifheJ@ aoG;(2)puf avmufbJusr,fqdkrS 'DwdkufyGJxJ ygvdrfh r,fwJh?”

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm tEW&m,f=um; oifv_yf&Sm;ae&wm[m rsdK;cspfpdwfa=umifhbJ? tvkyfvkyfwmu awmh 0rf;a&;twGufjzpfae&r,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm tvkyfusifh0wfudk zsufqD;ypfcJh=u+yD? vlawGudk oDcsif;av;wyk'favmuf/ ausmav;wcsuf oyf&HkavmufeJ@ twif;t=uyf tvkyfvkyfcskif;=uw,f? tusdK;qufuawmh vlawG[m tvkyfudk b,fvdk }udK;}udK;pm;pm;vkyf&r,fqdkwm arhoGm;=uwmbM? usaemfwdk@ vGwfvyfwJh ukr`%D&Jh uvyfpnf;awGuawmh tckvdk vleJ@ypPnf;awGudk tavvGifhrcHEdkifbl;?

aiGa=u;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ aqmifh=uGm;=uGm; EdkifvSwJht,ltq/ taygpm;qefwJh ajymqdkr_u-- “usaemfwdk@ u tjrwf&zdk@vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;”qdkwmbJ? 'gu tusdK;rJ@wJh obm0ruswJhudpPbJ? wae@vHk; aumif;aumif; tvkyfvkyf+yD;&if xkdufoifhwJhvkyfcawmh &oifhwmaygh? vlwa,muftaeeJ@ aexdkifEdkifzdk@ vHkavmufwJh0ifaiGawmh &Sdoifhwmaygh? teDawGuawmh usaemfwdk@udk CIA u axmufyHhaew,fvdk@ t+rJpGyfpGJaewmbJ? wu,fawmh jynfwGif;eJ@ jynfyu ydkvefvlrsdK;awGu vGwfvyfa&;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf usaemfwdk@udk axmufyHhaewmyg? olwdk@ u usaemfwdk@udk ajypmawG=unfhcsifw,fvdk@vJ rajymbl;? yHkpHawGudk(3)rlpD jznfh&r,fvnf; rajymbl;? aiGawGudk tusdK;&SdatmifoHk;zdk@eJ@ r#r#ww oHk;zdk@bJajymw,f? olwdk@awmif;qdkwmu &dk;om;r_&Sdzdk@bJ? usaemfwdk@&Jh udk,fydkif rSwfwrf;twGuf +rDpm;+rD&Sifvufusef&Sif;wrf;wck vkyfxm;zdk@avmufbJajymw,f?

11

tpnf;ta0;rsm;

yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rdrd ae&mr[kwfonfh =um;aet&yfwckwGifom jyKvkyfoifhonf? oif aumif;pGmodaom ae&m/ oif ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&olrsm; &Sdonfhae&mjzpfygap? oifhtdrfywf0ef;usifY tpnf;ta0;jyK vkyfjcif;onf trSmwckjzpfonf? “rodfwmudk razmfEdkif”qdkonfh qdk&dk;pum;onf ,ckwdkifrSefuefqJjzpfonf? udpP &yf wckcsif;twGuf=um;cHtquftoG,frsm;udk tenf;qHk;jzpfap&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm oif OD;‘u’ESifhvrf; avsmufoGm;pOf rawmfwq OD; ‘c’ESifhod&efrvdkyg? tvm;wl vrf;ay:&Sd wpHkwOD;ESifh rar#mfvifhbJ qHkrdonf qdkygpdk@? xdkoludkvnf; ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaeonf[k oifodxm;onfqdkygpdk@? olu zdwfac:onfh vuQ%m xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rjybJ/ ol@tem;udk ruyfygESifh? 'grSom olonf udpP&yfwckESifh oGm;aeonf(odk@)aemuf a,mifcHvdkufcHae&onfudk oifodrnfjzpfonf?

a,bl,stm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vlxlaomae&mrSm ueOD; rsufvHk;csif;qHkrdatmifvkyfyg? oifhudk ol rSwfrd+yDqdkwm aocsmrS bwfpfum;(odk@)"gwf&xm;udk wufpD;yg? olu oifhaemufudk vdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

tajymif;tvJtaejzifh oifu vrf;avsmufoGm;vdk[efaqmifI bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrSxGufvdkufyg? tquftoG,fu oifhaemufudkvdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

ta&;}uD;aomtpnf;ta0;rSefor# at;aq;I vHk+cHKaomywf0ef;usif/ pdwfcs&aomtdrfvdktyfonf? rSwfpkvdkufEdkifaom/ ypPnf;vJEdkifaomae&mjzpf&rnf? vlwdkif;u cdk;em;axmifwJhu&d,mudk a=umuf=uw,f? 'gu wu,fawmh v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m[m yHkrSeftm;jzifh trsm;od+yD;wJh pk&HkwwfwJhae&mawGrSmbJ xm;wwfygw,f? 'Dvdkae&mawGudk roHk;oifhwm xif&Sm;vSygw,f?

bmbJjzpfjzpf cdk;em;axmifwJhud&d,mwwfxm;apOD; ta&;}uD;wJhtpnf;ta0;awG vkyfEdkifygw,f? vdk tyfwmu }udKwifowd&Sdzdk@ygbJ? pmwdkav;awG ('grSr[kwf) omrefpum;av;awGeJ@ vkyfEdkifygw,f? “'gav;udk ol@qD,loGm;vdkufyg”/ “ol tJ'DrSm&Sdr,fvdk@ olrudk ajymvdkufyg”³³³³³ pwm rsdK;ayg@? 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ emrnfawG/ vdyfpmawGudk cdk;em;axmifwJh ud&d,mawGwyfxm;wJh=um;u vufqifhurf;Edkifygw,f? tawG@t}uHKt& 'Dud&d ,mawGuwqifh olwdk@odoGm;wm enf;enf;av;yg? v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@u 'D[mudkoHk;wJh t"du&nf&G,fcsufu owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&zdk@xuf pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& ajcmufjcm;atmifvkyfzdk@ &nf&G,fwmyg?

'Dvdkud&d,mawGoHk;ae&ifvnf; &dk;&Sif;wJh pum;0SufawGudk toHk;jyKEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0;wckvkyfzdk@ vdk&if “aumfzDqdkifrSm”vdk@ajym&if &ygw,f? 'Dqdkif[m t&ifuvnf; qHkzl;+yD;om;rdk@ oifhtquftoG,fu t vG,fwul odEdkifygw,f?

tvm;wlbJ oifu“t*Fg”vdk@ ajymvdkuf&if “aom=um”ae@udk qdkvdkrSef; olodygw,f? “rGef;wnfh”qkd wm “noef;acgif”ayg@? tvm;wl “'kwd,”qdkwm “yOPr”ayg@?

uae@ ydkvefrSm vlwdkif;vdkvdku udk,fhenf;udk,f[efeJ@ ajratmufvkyfief; vkyfae=uwmrdk@ v#dK@0Sufykvdyf wyfzGJ@[m 'Dvdk &Sif;vif;vG,fulwJh tajccH=uwJh twdk0SufawGudk razmfEdkifygbl;?

qufom;

qufom;eJ@ ypPnf;ydk@orm;awG[m b,fpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rSmrqdk 'GefwJGwnf&SdaewJh t&mawGbJ? olwdk@udk yHkrSefpmydk@wm/ ypPnf;ydk@wmawGrSm oHk;wmyJ? qufom;udk v$wfawmhr,fqdk&if ajratmufuvyfpnf;acgif;aqmif u aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG; rSm=um;&r,f? b,fypPnf;udk b,fae&m/ b,ftcsdef ,loGm;&r,fqdkwm wdwdusus ajym&r,f?

!$ef=um;csuf&+yD;wmeJ@ qufom;aumif;[m oloGm;&r,fh vrf;a=umif;udk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef ppfaq; &r,f? ol@tvkyf[m yHkrSefvkyfief;bJ jzpfoifhw,f? tcsdefwdkif;rSm olwdk@[m ‘&Sif;’ae&r,f? qdkvdkwmu o,f&

12

r,fhypPnf;[m tenf;qHk; jzpf&r,f? 'grS =um;jzpfzrf;rd&ifvnf; v#dK@0S,fajratmuf taqmuftOD;udk ray: atmif xdrf;Edkifr,f?

uvmyfpnf;eJ@ qufom;&J@vHk+cHKa&;udk xdcdkufapr,fh b,ft&mrqdk tvG,fwulzsufqD;EdkifwJh/ pGef@ypf EdkifwJh taetxm;&Sd&r,f?

ajratmufv#dK@0SuftzGJ@udk zsufqD;zdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@oHk;wJh tvG,fqHk;eJ@ tatmifjrifqHk;enf;u qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufxJudk wdk;0ifwmbJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh³³³³ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m ajratmuftpk acgif;aqmif wpfa,mufudk tylwjyif; zrf;csifae+yDqdk&if ajratmuftzGJ@&J@ qufoG,fa&;pepfxJrSm owif;rSm;awGjzef@+yD; axmifacsmuf qifawmhwmbJ?

'Dtvkyfudk yHkpHrsdK;pHkeJ@vkyfwwfw,f? OD;‘q’&J@uav; uifqmjzpfae+yDqdkwmeJ@ ‘p’ vdkufw,f? 'gudk csuf csif;rppfaq;Edkif&if/ ('grSr[kwf) v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ ypfrSwfqDudk tcsdefrDta=umif;r=um;Edkif&if/ ylyefpdwf}uD;aewJ@ OD;‘q’u ol@tdrfudk qufom;v$wfawmhr,f? 'gqdk ol@uvmyfpnf;awmh ysuf+yD? qufom;udk tom aemuf a,mifcHvdkufoGm;,HkbJ?

uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifu ol@rdom;pkudk oludk,fwdkif qufoG,fvdk@r&wJh vHk+cHKa&; tpDtrHawG&SdrS 'Dt csdefrSm qufom;oHk;&r,f? EdkifiHa&;rSm yk*~dKvfa&; (vlvlcsif;)xdawG@r_[m ta&;}uD;qHk;qdkwm oabmayguf&r,f? vlvlcsif; qufqHa&; r[kwfwJh ppfwyfqefwJhyHkpHudk ajratmufvkyfief;rSm roHk;&bl;? ul±Gef(Kuron) wcgu a&; zl;ovdkbJ³³³³ “aoG;pnf;cspf=unfr_[m ta&;awmfyHkxuf ta&;}uD;w,f?”

aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;qdkwm vlom;csif; aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;udk ajymwmyg? 'gudk qufom;v$wf+yD; wnfaqmufvdk@r&bl;?

rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;

ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawG b,folrS vdyfpmpmtkyf aqmifrxm;&bl;vdk@ wm;jrpfxm;&r,f? udk,fhtcef; udk,fxm;wm/ udk,fhudk,fay:rSmxm;wm udpPr&Sdwefaumif;ygbl;vdk@ xifaumif;xifvdrfhr,f? ppfa=uma&;a&muf rS³³³³ “'g usaemfhrdwfaqGa[mif;yg”/ “olu usaemf i,fi,fuwnf;u odwJh trsdK;orD;rdwfaqGyg?” qdkwm avmufeJ@ r&awmhbl;?

cifAsm; vdyfpmpmtkyfxJygwJh vlwdkif;&J@emrnf/ vdyfpmawGudk ppfaq;zdk@qdkwm ykvdyftvkyfbJ? 'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ olwdk@rSm tcsdef;vnf;&Sdw,f? ykvdyfppfaq;csufu xGufvmwJh tajz[m oifhtwGuftHh=op&mawG jzpfvmvdrfh r,f?

oifu &Sufwwfa=umufwwfwJh/ rvkyfwwf rudkifwwfvdk@ odxm;wJh uav;b0u trsdK;orD;rdwfaqG &J@tcef;rSm v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@u w&m;cHajy;wa,mufudk oGm;awG@wm jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? 'Dvluvnf; rdef;uav;

&J@ ouFmruif; jzpfp&mr&SdwJh taetxm;udk }udKuf+yD; ykefzdk@ ae&ma&G;cJhwmayg@?

tJ'DvdkbJ cifAsm;udk tjypfuif;pifwJh i,fb0 upm;azmftjzpf odxm;wJh tjcm;olwdk@&J@ tysif;xlr_ a=umifh cifAsm;vnf; 'kuQa&mufEdkifwmbJ?

ajratmuft0ef;t0dkif;[m vlawGtrsm;}uD;&Sdayr,fh wu,fawmh 'DurBm[m usOf;usOf;av;yg? 'gudk ar#mfvifhxm;&r,f? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u tkyf*lawGay:u urŠnf;pmawGudk =unfhyg? rdom;wpkvHk; aooGm;rS awmh/ b,fppfjyefu “usaemfwdk@Edkifw,f”vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmvJ? cifAsm;udkcifAsm; 'DvdkrjzpfygapeJ@? tjzpftysuf wdkif;[m ao;zGJwJh/ trSwfwrJhjzpfwJh/ rawG;awmrpOf;pm;rdwJh udpPi,fav;awGu pcJhwmcsnf;bJ?

'ga=umifh owif;udk 0SufpmoGif;zdk@ vdkw,f? 0SufpmoGif;xm;wJh pmwdkav;wpfapmif/ vdyfpmpmtkyfav; wtkyfa=umifh ouFmruif;jzpfcH&rSmudk rylygeJ@? 'D0SufawGudk b,ftcsdefrqdk oif 'Dvdk ajymqdkEdkifygw,f³³³³ “us aemhf oli,fcsif;awGudk usaemfhvdk i&JrcH&apcsifvdk@ygAsm”³³³ vdk@?

အိမ္(သို႔)အခန္းတခန္းရဲ႔နံပါတ္ကိုဘဲေရးပါ၊လမ္းနဲ႔တျခားဟာေတြကိုေခါင္းထဲမွာပဲမွတ္ထားပါ၊လိုအပ္သမွ်သာခဲတံနဲ႔ေရးထား

တာအေကာင္းဆုံးပါဘဲ၊ကိစၥၿပီးယင္အလြယ္တကူဖ်က္လိုက္လို႕ရတာေပါ႕၊မွင္မသုံးပါနဲ႕၊သင္ေဘာပင္နဲ႕အေပၚကဟိုျခစ္ဒီျခစ္

ေရွာက္ျခစ္ထားရုံနဲ႔ေအာက္မွေရးထားတာကပ်က္သြားတာမဟုတ္ဘူး၊

0SufpmeJ@a&;xm;ayr,fh oifhrSwfpkpmtkyfudk tcgtm;avsmfpGmjyefa&;yg? rvdkwJhvdyfpmawGudk qkwfypfyg?

a,bl,stm;jzifhawmh pmwdkawGudk ao;Edkifor# tao;qHk;pm&Gufay:rSm a&;yg? 'grS udpPay:wJhtcg zsufqD;zdk@ yg; pyfxJxnfh0g;zdk@ vG,fr,f? ayg@qr_[m ememusifusif cHpm;&apvdrfhr,f? (1970)ckESpfrsm;u 'DvdkbJ ajratmuft zGJ@0ifwOD;[m owif;wyk'fudk rmausmwJhuGefjyLwmu'fjym;ay:rSma&;wJh trSm;wckudk usL;vGefcJhzl;w,f? ykvdyf vmzrf;awmh tEW&m,f&SdwJh owif;wdkav;wyk'fudkom rsdKcsEdkifvdkufw,f? ykvdyfu ol@udk eHywfwkwfeJ@ ESHvdkufvdk@?

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f

w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m enf;avavaumif;avavbJ? w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m oifh&J@ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awGudk axmufvSrf;zdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyftwGuf tvG,fqHk;enf;bJ? w,fvDzkef;oHk;&r,fqdk&if trsm; oHk;zkef;('grSr[kwf) oifhtvkyfwdkufu tvG,fwuloHk;EdkifwJhzkef;udkoHk;wm taumif;qHk;bJ? odyf,Ofaus;zdk@vnf;

rvdkygbl;? ouFmruif;zG,fjzpfr,fh pum;0SufawGudkvnf; roHk;ygeJ@? “usaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yDvm;”? “[kwf w,fav bD&dkxJxnfhxm;wm?” “[m r[kwfbl;/ a&cJaowWmudkajywm?” 'grsdK;awGu ykvdyfudk teH@&ap&Hkru bl;/ taumifyg jyvdrfhr,f?

uae@umvrSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u bmrSta&;r}uD;wmav;vnf; pum;0S,foHk;+yD; ydk@ae =uwmbJ? 'Dvdk ‘nHoH’awGa=umifh trSm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;ovdkjzpfayr,fh owd&Sdwm taumif;qHk;bJ?

ajratmufvkyfief;rSm w,fvDzkef;[m qufoG,fa&;twGuf jzpfw,f? tv†yov†m ajymzdk@r[kwfbl;? w,fvDzkef;qufvdkufvdk@ vdkif;ay:rSm “trdef@ay;r_ESifh ajymaeaompum;rsm;”vdk@ }udKwiftoHoGif;xm;wJh wdyfacG vdk xyfwvJvJ =um;ae&&if 'g[m wu,fr[kwfbl;qdkwm owdjyKyg?

uGefjrLepfawG jzpfapcsifwmu b,fol@udkrqdk/ b,ft&mudkrqdk udkifvdk@&oavmuf udkifzdk@bJ?

csuGufao

csuGufaoqdkwm rDcvkwfwckvdkbJ? wckckjzpf&if v#yfpD;udk tvdkvdkjzwfcsvdkufr,f? csuGufaoqdkwm tkyfpktoD;oD;u qufoG,fEdkifwJh/ ypPnf;zvS,fEdkifwJh ae&mwckbJ? tJ'g[m tdrf/ qdkif(odk@) tdrfcef;wcef; jzpfEdkif w,f?

csuGufaoudk trsm;}uD;oHk;vdk@vnf;&w,f? enf;enf;bJ oHk;vdk@vnf;&w,f? csuGufaowckudk tvGef tu|HoHk;&if rvdkvm;tyfwJh tm&Hkpdkufr_udk cH&Edkifw,f? tdrfeD;csif;awG/ tvkyftwlvkyfzufawGu ouFmruif; jzpfvmEdkifw,f?

csuGufaoudk c%c%roHk;bl;qdkjyef&ifvnf;/ csuGufaorSmwm0ef,loleJ@ tjcm;tquftoG,frsm; qufoG,fr_[m crf;ajcmufoGm;Edkifw,f? b,folrS wvudk pmav;(3)apmif vufcHzdk@ wywfudkESpf}udrf em&Daygif; rsm;pGm csuGufaorSm xkdifrapmifhcsifbl;?

csuGufaorSm aumif;rGefwJh tH0SufawG vkyfxm;wm/ 'grSr[kwf wjcm;vHk+cHKwJh tdrfwtdrfqD tvG,fw ul ul;oGm;EdkifwmawG[m tEW&m,fr&Sdygbl;? csuGufaoudk wm0ef,lol[m 'gawGudk em;rvnf&if/ vHk+cHKa&;tpD trHawGvkyfrxm;&if wjcm;wa,mufudk&Sm+yD;cdkif;wm taumif;qHk;bJ?

cyfvef@vef@vludk wm0efay;&wmeJ@pm&if csuGufaotopfwckudk pDpOf&wm ydkvG,fygw,f? ol@csuGuf aoudkoHk;wdkif;vnf; pdwfcs&w,f? ydkvefeJ@ Zm±lqJpuD;&J@wdkufyGJrSm &mZ0ifwGifolwOD; &SdcJhzl;w,f? ajratmufyHk ESdyfwdkuf[m ypPnf;awGvmydk@oludk wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;/ tJ'DpmapmifawG vm,lolawGudkawmh ESifxkwfw,f? tJ'Dvdkt

14

a&;+yD; vl}udKufrsm;wJh ukefpnftwGuf olpdk;&drfw,fav? 'grS wu,fh csuGufaobJ? (ol@ypPnf;u b,frS ra±G@ awmhbl;?)

±Hk;rsm;

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bmudkawG@atmif&Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdayr,fh/ oifhudk tr_zGifhEdkifavmufwJh/ b,ftaxmuft xm;rqdk/ Oyrm³³³ ausmufyHkESdyf&mrSmoHk;wJh ydk;p/ opfom;abmifav;avmufudkbJ jzpfjzpf&SmrSmbJ?

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ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawGtwGuf udk,fhvnf;yif;}udK;uGif;pGyfrJht,ltqrsdK;udk y,fzdk@vdkr,f? yxrwrsdK;u³³ “ykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gayr,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&m rvdkbl;”qdkwJhtjrif? 'kwd,wrsdK;u³³³ “ykvdyfvmrSm r[kwfyg bl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@ 'kuQ&SmaeOD;rSmvJ”qdkwJht,ltq?

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15

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ajratmufyHkEdSyfwdkuf

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ykvdyf

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16

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t+rD;

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17

oif[m tcsdefra±G;/ ae&mra&G; aemufa,mifcH vdkufcH&Edkifw,fqdkwmudk owdrarhrSom oifhvHk+cHKa&; [m pdwfcs&vdrfhr,f?

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wckr#om jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh oifhum;eHygwfuawmh oifb,folvJqdkwm ajyjyvdrfhr,f?

tdk;

(ykvdyfqifwJh axmifacsmuf)

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pD;eif;jcif;

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18

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tusOf;axmifwGif;b0

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rdrdtwGif;pdwfudk wnf+idrfatmifxdef;xm;Edkifzdk@/ wHwdkif;jcm;xm;Edkifzdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f? 'grS tusOf;axmif &J@pnf;urf;awGudk ausmfv$m;&ifqdkifEdkifrSm? axmifxJrSm b,fol@udkrS r,Hk&ygvm;qdkwJh trSefw&m;udkvnf; &if qdkifem;vnfEdkifvmvdrfhr,f? tusOf;axmifwGif; pdwfzdpD;r_udk ajyapzdk@qdk+yD; rdrdcHpm;csufudk zGifhjyr,fhpmrsdK; rdom; pkqD ra&;ygeJ@? tvm;wlbJ wpHkwOD;&J@ usef;rma&;tcuftcJudk pdk;&drfylyefa=umif;qdkwJh pm;rsdK;vnf; ra&;ygeJ@?

oifhpmawGudk tusOf;axmifqiftzGJ@uom zwfaewmr[kwfbl;? oifhtr_ppf ykvdyfpHkaxmufuvnf; zwfae w,fqdkwm rarhygeJ@? oifhudk b,fvdkusdK;oGm;atmifvkyf&r,fqdkwm&Smzdk@u ol@tvkyfbJ?

emusifjcif;

vlawG[m olwdk@b0rSm ta=umufqHk; ESpfckbJ&Sdw,f? wcku emusifjcif;eJ@ aemufwcku xGufaygufrJh oGm;jcif;wdk@bJ? 'DESpfckvHk;[m txD;usefjzpfjcif;u vmwm? vlvlcsif; qufqHa&;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufwJht&mbJ? &dk;&Sif;wJh cE

19

atmif vkyfcH&jcif;(bmvkyfvdk@ bmudkif&rSef;rodatmif/ bmjzpfaerSef;rod awmhatmif) xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;³³³ pwJh axmifxJrSm }uHKawG@&wJhemusifjcif;uawmh vGwfvyfpGm(rdrdzmom) a&G;cs,fcJhwJht&mjzpfw,f? vlw a,muf[m tusOf;axmifxJrSm olcHpm;ae&wJh emusifjcif;udk oufomatmif azmfzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh&if 'g[m tod &SdpGm qHk;jzwfwmbJ? olvkyfp&mvdkwmu odor#udk tomav; azmfajymvdkufzdk@ ygbJ?

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ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm jynfolcsif;aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;vkyf&w,fqdkwm cifAsm;vdk rdef;rawG/ uav; awG&SdwJholawGeJ@ vkyf&wmyg?

qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;udk qef@usifjcif;

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&efoludk av#mhrwGufygeJ@? olwdk@&J@a&S;&dk;usjcif;eJ@ &ufpufr_u olwdk@&J@±l;oGyfrdkufrJr_udk jywmr[kwfbl;? ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@ (UB) [m qdkAD,uf KGB&J@ nDi,fyg? uGefjrLepfAsL&dku&uf ,EW,m;[m tm;enf; csufeJ@ tm;omcsuf ESpf&yfvHk;&J@ A[dkcsufrbJ?

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a=umuf±GH@jcif;

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20

tjzpfoHk;zdk@ajymwJh wcsdefwnf; “b,favmuf=umrSvJ”vdk@ ar;vdrfhr,f? 'gqdk&if ol[m &ufowWywf tenf; i,ftwGif; pdwf"gwfysufjym;p jyKvmawmhr,fqdkwm aocsmae+yD?

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tcsufjyrsm;

(tcsufjyudk ydk@yg? nHoHudk rydk@ygeJ@?)

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21

pdwWZrsm;

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'D ykefuefr_eJ@ &efpr_pdwWZawG[m vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJht&mudk rvkyfwm rSefw,fvdk@xifvmapw,f? “usaemfwdk@vkyfor# uGefjrLepfawGtusKd;&Sdzdk@csnf;jzpfaeawmh bmvdk@vkyfaeOD;rSmvJAsm”qdkwmrsdK;ayg@? ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;cHae&rSmudka=umufwJh pdwWZuawmh ydk+yD;tcH&cufw,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;[m ol@tzdk@ ae&mwumrSm v#dK@0Suf ykvdyfcsnf;bJjzpfae+yD;/ wajy;xJajy;ae&vdk@bJ?

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22

vGwfvyfa&;

(1944)rSm ydkvefvlrsdK;awGeJ@ tjcm;ta&S@Oa&myvlrsdK;awG[m w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_&J@tjyifzufudk a&muf oGm;w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; wckwnf;aomajymif;vJr_u Oya'rJhr_&J@tjyif;taysmhbJ? qdk&S,fvpfOya't,ltq avmuf tm;vHk;udk v$rf;+cHKxm;Edkifwm/ om;a&uGif;vdk tavsmhtwif;vkyfEdkifwm bmrSr&Sdbl;?

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23

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25

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oifhZmwfvrf;u olwdk@udk ,Hk=unfapzdk@ rvdkyg? 'gayr,fh jzpfEdkifp&mta=umif;awmh &Sd&r,f? 'DvdkbJ pGJpGJ +rJ+rJqkyfudkifxm;&r,f? Oyrm³³³ oifhudk vrf;rSm or*~pm=unfhwdkufuiSm;vmwJh pmtkyfawGeJ@ &yfwef@ppfaq;cH& +yDqdkygpdk@? “rm&S,favmOya'u jyif;xefvGef;wma=umifh a=umuf+yD; 'Dajratmufpm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk zsufqD;r vdk@ vkyfaewkef; cifAsm;wdk@eJ@awGwmyg”vdk@ajymyg? pmtkyfawG b,fu&w,f/ pm=unfhwdkufrª;ub,folqdkwm pwmawG bmrSajymzdk@rvdkyg? pmtkyfawGvuf0,f&Sdwm &mZ0wfr_r[kwfyg? &Sif;jy&efvnf;rvdkyg? tqHk;awmh “'D [mawG&Sdaewmudk odyfa=umufae+yD; 'gawGudk &Sif;ypfrvdk@yg? =urRmiifcsifawmh cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ckvdk awG@vdkuf&awmh rvkyfvdkuf&awmhbl;ayg@Asm”vdk@ ajymyg?

ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdu oifhZmwfvrf;[m vHñuwfqdkwm odygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DZmwfvrf;udkbJ tao qkwfudkif+yD;/ ajymaeoa&G@ tEW&m,fu a&SmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f?

oifhajratmufcef;xJrSm yHkEdSyfzdk@vkyfxm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;udk ykvdyfuawG@oGm;+yD;qdkygpdk@? tvG,fqHk;&Sif; jyEdkifwmu“'g rm&S,favmra=unmcifu pm&Gufpmwrf;awGyg”vdk@ajymvdkufyg? 'DZmwfvrf;u ±l;a=umifa=umif awmhEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh ykvdyfudkawmh vSnfhpm;Edkifygw,f? oifht,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawGudk ykvdyfeJ@ taqG;aEG;rcHygeJ@? ‘ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_’qdkwmudk vHk;0jiif;yg? ‘v_yf&Sm; wufºuGol’qdkwmrsdK;vnf; rjzpfygapeJ@?

oif[m ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;a0g[m&awGudk vHk;0rodol[efaqmifyg? csuGufao/ qufom;/ axmuf yHha&;vrf;a=umif;³³³ ponftm;vHk;udk ‘bmawGvmajymaewmvJqdkwJh *dkufzrf;xm;yg? oif[m omreft&yfom; wa,muf/ wckckudk ‘rawmfwqoGm;awG@w,f’/ ‘tck wdkif;jynfuxGufoGm;+yDjzpfwJh rdwfaqGwa,mufeJ@twl

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vGefcJhwJh(10)ESpfu awG@cJhwJholu 'D[mudkay;vdkufwm’/ tck csdef;xm;wJhae&mrSm 'DvludkoGm;awG@+yD; 'Dtxkwfudk ay;rvdk@/ olu 'Dtxkwfudkjrif&if usaemfhudk rSwfrdr,fvdk@ xif&wmbJ’?

Zwfvrf;u jzpfEdkifp&mawmhjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh tla=umifa=umifawmhEdkifw,f? taumif;qHk;Oya'ou enf;enf;bJajymav aumif;avbJ? v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfuawmh b,fvdkrS ,HkrSmr[kwfbl;? 'gayr,hf w&m;&Hk;u(w&m; &Hk;a&mufcJh&ifayg@av) oifhrSm tjypfxif&Sm;a=umif; rawG@&ao;or# tjypfuif;pifw,fvdk@ ,lq&rSmbJ?

vGefcJhwJh vtenf;i,f tawG@t}uKHawGt&awmh Zmwfvrf;wckxJudk pJGpGJ+rJ+rJ xyfwvJvJ ajymae&if/ tjynfht0rSefwm r[kwfOD;awmh vlwa,mufvGwfvmwmudk }uKHzl;ygw,f?

“rouFmol. &Sif;vif;wifjycsufonf jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf”qdkwm ppfcHk&Hk;w&m;vdka&S@aeu tr_ydwfwJh tcg oHk;wJhpum;vHk;yg?

ppfa=uma&;

oufaotjzpfjzpfap/ rouFmol/ w&m;cHtaeESifhjzpfap ppfa=umzdk@qifhac:wm cH&Edkifygw,f? &mZ0wf usifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr(61)u 'Dvdkqdkygw,f? “rouFmolqdkonfrSm ykvdyf.pGyfpGJr_udk cH&oljzpfonf? w&m;cHonf w&m;&Hk;u enf;vrf;wus pGJcsufwif ppfaq;cH&oludk qdkvdkonf?”

ppfa=uma&;twGuf qifhac:wJhorRefpmrSm oifhudk bmtr_eJ@ac:w,fqdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyxm; &r,f? rouFmoltaeeJ@/ oufaotaeeJ@ ac:wJhtcg tr_wGJeHywfudk azmfjy&r,f? ‘yk*~vdutr_’/ ‘&Sif;vif;wif jy&ef qifhac:onf’qdkwJh rSwfcsufrsdK;awGygvm&if/ tr_wGJeHygwfudk csefvSyfxm;&if/ &Hk;wHqdyfwHk;ryg&if orRefpm [mysufygw,f? 'Dvdk orRefpmrsKd;udk vufcH vdkufemp&mrvdkyg?

ar;cGef;awG rpcif wm0efcHppfa=umol[m t&m&Sdu tr_ta=umif;t&mudk w&mcHudk ajymjyzdk@wm0ef&Sd ygw,f? (vufawG@rSmjzpfcJygw,f?) ar;cGef;wdkif;udk pmeJ@a&;om; rSwfwrf;wifzdk@awmif;qdkyg? +yD;rS arcGef;udk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefyg?

oufaou ol@udkjzpfap/ aqGrsKd;&if;csmwOD;udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;Edkifaomar;cGef;udk jiif;qef&ef Oya't& tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f? (&mZ0wfusifhxHk; yk'fr 166)

ppfa=uma&;umvrSm oufao[m oufaocHtcsuftvufudk ay;tyfzdk@ rjiif;qefEdkifyg? odk@aomf ol@udkjzpfap/ aqGrsdK;&if;csmwOD;udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;EdkifwJh tcsuftvufrsKd;udkawmh ta=umif;wpHkw&m rjybJ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f?

ar;cGef;awGudk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefwm[m ta&;}uD;w,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh oufaou rouFmoljzpfoGm; Edkifw,f? oufaocHxGufqdkaewkef; tcsuftvufwcsdK@[m aemifrSmoifhudk w&m;pGJwifEdkifwmrsdK; rawmfwq xGufqdkrdwwfw,f? tcsuftvufrSm;udk xGufqdkwmxufpm&if rajymbJyg;pyfydwfxm;wmu ydkaumif;ygw,f? oufaovdrfxGuf&if (5)ESpftxd axmifcsEdkifygw,f?

'gawGudk=unfh&if v#dK@0SufykvdyfeJ@ qufqHwJhtcg/ ppfa=uma&;0if&wJhtcg/ wckwnf;aom avsmfuefwJh enf;y&d,m,fu wcsKd@aomar;cGef;rsm;udk rajzrdzdk@ygbJ? rouFmoltaeeJ@jzpfap/ w&m;cHtaeeJ@jzpfap ar;cGef; tar;cH&wJhtcg/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(63)t& oufaocHcsufay;zdk@ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'Dyk'fru w&m;cH &J@ tcGifhta&;udk &nf!$ef;ayr,fh yk'fr(61)t& rouFmoluvnf; cHpm;cGifh&Sdygw,f?

(ra=umufygeJ@ ? usaemfwdk@ cka&mufaewm ‘a*:rlumacwf’ r[kwfyg? olu‘cE

27

'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;udk vufawG@vnf; vkyfwwfygw,f? pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& toifhjzpfatmif usaemf wdk@udk,fudk usaemfwdk@ toifhjyif&ygr,f? uHaumif;wmu ‘pwmvifacwf’r[kwfawmhwmyg? tJ'Dacwfuawmh cE

ppfa=uma&;&J@&nf&G,fcsufu usaemfwdk@udk pum;ajymatmifvkyfzdk@yg? p˜pcsif;awmh³³³ “cifAsm;awmh wb0vHk; axmifxJ aeoGm;&awmhrSmbJ” qdkwmrsKd;eJ@ ‘pdwf"mwfa&;’t& +cdrf;ajcmufygvdrfhr,f? 'Daemufawmh

“a=omf³³³ cifAsm;u udk,fhudk,fudkwif 'kuQay;wmr[kwfbl;/ cif;Asm;&J@teD;qHk;eJ@ tcspfqHk;awGudkyg 'kuQay;aewm udk;”vdk@ ajymygvdrfhr,f? +yD;awmhrS wajz;ajz;ydk+yD; acwfrDqef;jym;wJhenf;awGudk oHk;ygvdrfhr,f?

rvef@ygeJ@ ? a'goxGufatmif qG˜ay;wJh pGyfpGJcsufawGa=umifh rvef@vdkufygeJ@? ppfa=uma&;&J@ enf;wenf; u jypfr_udk yHk}uD;cs@JwmbJ? 'DawmhrS pGyfpGJcH&oluowdvufvGwfjzpf+yD;/ bmawGjzpfvmOD;rSmvJvdk@ awG;+yD;a=umuf vmw,f? 'DawmhrS 'DudpPrSm wu,fwef;usawmh olb,favmufbJygcJhwmygqdk+yD; ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkudpPrsKd;rSm e*dkpGyfpGJcsufudk jyef&kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD;/ ydkqdk;wJhtajctaexJudk ckefqif;rdvsufom; jzpfaeawmhw,f? ppfa=umol bufu=unfh&if oifu ckawmh pum; p˜ajymae+yDjzpfvdk@ 'Denf;u atmifjrifwmbJ?

ppfa=umol[m omreftm;jzifh rouFmcH&olxuf Oya'udk ydkem;vnfw,f? vG,fvG,fululbJ vdrf vnfvSnfhzsm;Edkifw,f? 'DvdkbJ rouFmcH&ol[m ol@tcGifhta&;udk rodwmrsm;w,f? 'gudkod&zdk@vnf; ppfa=um oludk tm;udk;vdk@r&bl;? Oyrm³³³ ppfa=umolu oif 'Dar;cGef;udk bmvdk@rajzovJqdkwm r&ruar;vdrfhr,f? wu,fwef;u oifhrSm 'DvdktcGifhta&;&Sdw,fqdkwm olaumif;aumif;odw,f? “cifAsm;rajzwm[m rajzcsifvdk@ rajzwmr[kwfvm;”/ “'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udk &mZ0wfr_eJ@ &Hk;wifppfaq;Edkifw,fqdkwm odvdk@r[kwfvm;”

'Dvdktr_rsKd;rSm ppfa=umolu “'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udkjyefywfEdkifw,fqdkwm cifAsm;u bmvdk@xif&wm vJ”vdk@ ar;aumif;ar;vdrfhr,f? oifpum;ajymvmvdrfhr,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ar;wmbJ? tajzuawmh &Sif;&Sif; av;bJ? “'DxGufcsufu usaemfhudkjyefywfvdrfhr,fxifvdk@”vdk@ jyefajzvdkufyg? 'g[m vHkavmufwJhtajzbJ? aemuf wqifhuawmh +cdrf;ajcmufwmbJ? rajzbJae&if w&m;pGJzdk@ cGifhjyKcsufawmif;&vdrfhr,f qdkwmrsKd;ayg@? 'grSr[kwf vnf; “'gav;ajzvdkuf&if cifAsm;jrefjref vGwfrSmyg”vdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?

'g[m olwwfEdkifwmxuf ydkajymwmbJ? 'DvdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd;ay;zdk@ ol@rSmtm%mr&Sdbl;? (ppfa=umol[m rouFmcH&oludk yxr(48)em&DtwGif;rSmbJ v$wfypfEdkifw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeqDu cGifhjyKrdef@ r&&if 'Dtcsdefxuf ausmf+yD; xdef;odrf;xm;vdk@ r&bl;?)

ppfa=uma&;umvwav#mufvHk; ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdzufu t+rJwrf; t}uD;tus,f tompD;&aewm csnf;bJ? ol@zufu emp&mueJeJav;? usaemfwdk@u vGwfvyfr_eJ@ tavmif;tpm;vkyfae&wm? 'ga=umifh usaemf

တို႕ဟာစစ္ေၾကာေရးမွာသုံးေလ့ရွိတဲ့နည္းလမ္းေတြကိုနဲနဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္သိထားဖို႕ောကာင္းပါတယ္၊ဖ်ားမသြားပါနဲ႕၊ခင္ဗ်ားဘဝအေၾကာင္းေတာ္ေတာ္အေသးစိတ္က်တာေလးေတြေျပာလိုက္လို႕ဖ်ားမ

သြားပါနဲ႕၊ဒါေတာင္သိေနမွေတာ့အကု္လံုးသိေနေလာက္ေရာေပါ့လို႕အလြယ္တကူေကာက္ခ်က္မခ်လိုက္ပါနဲ႕၊သူတို႕မသိပါဘူး၊သင့္ပိုေပ်ာ့သြားေအာင္လုပ္ဖို႕နည္းေဟာင္းႀကီးကိုသံုးတာပါ၊သင့္အ

ေၾကာင္းတခ်ိဳ႕တ၀က္ သင့္မိတ္ေဆြေတြကိုစစ္ယင္းရသြားတာျဖစ္ေကာင္းျဖစ္ႏုိင္ပါ၊သင့္မိတ္ေဆြကလည္းအမွဳနဲ႕ဘာမွမဆိုင္တဲ့ဒီအခ်က္ကိုေျပာၿပီး၊စစ္ေဆးသူေခါင္းရွဳပ္သြားေအာင္ၾကိဳးစားခဲ့တာပါ၊ဒီနည္းနဲ႕တဖက္သား

ကိုတပါတ္ရုိက္ႏိုင္လမ့္မယ္လို႕ထင္ခဲ့တာပါ၊

28

oifhrdwfaqGwOD;OD;&J@ udk,fa&;udk,fwm b0tao;pdyfudk b,fawmhrS pum;pjrnfvkyf+yD; rajym&bl;qdk wm owd&yg? 'DtcsuftvufawGu olwdk@udk 'kuQa&mufapEdkifw,f? oifhudk vlwpkeJ@wGJ&dkufxm;wJh oifh"mwfyHk xkwfjyvdk@ ta=umif;rJh vef@roGm;ygeJ@? "mwfyHk/ wdyfacG/ tpD&ifcHpm³³³ pwmawG[m ykvdyfowif;ay;&J@ yHkrSefvkyf ief;tcsuftvufawGyg? ykvdyfu 'grsKd;udk yHkrSefpkaqmif;&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'gawGu w&m;&Hk;rSm oufaocHr0ifyg? oifhudk +cdrf;ajcmufzdk@/ axmifacsmufqifzdk@eJ@ tEdkiftxufvkyf+yD; xGufcsuf,lzdk@bJ toHk;usygw,f?

(pmeJ@) xGufqdk+yD;+yDqdk&ifawmh usefwmawGrvdkawmhyg? w&m;cGifwav#mufvHk;rSm oifhudk 'kuQtay;Edkif qHk;u ckvdkpmeJ@a&;xm;wJh oufaocHcsufygbJ?

b,f[mudkrS 0efrcHygeJ@ ? cifAsm;ta=umif;xGufcsufay;r,fh/ oufaoeJ@&ifqdkifawG@ay;&ifawmif bmudk rS0efrcHygeJ@? pdwf"mwft& t!Gef@usKd;aewJh 'DvdkoufaoawGudk “olwdk@udk rodygbl;? olwdk@eJ@twl &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefcJhwm r&Sdygbl;”vdk@ worwfwnf;jiif;+yD; &ifqdkif&if ppfa=uma&;umvrSmjzpfjzpf/ tr_ppfaq;aepOfrSm jzpfjzpf olwdk@xGufcsufawGudk jyef&kwfodrf;oGm;wwfygw,f?

oifhrdwfaqGtenf;pku oifvnf; ygygw,fvdk@ quf+yD;xGufqdkae&ifawmif oifhrSm 0efcHzdk@ tcsdeftrsm; }uD;usefygao;w,f? ‘&mZ0wfr_’udk usL;vGefcJhygw,fvdk@ 0efcHzdk@qHk;jzwfw,fqdk&if oifha&S@aea&S@rSm 0efcHyg? ydkaumif;wmu w&m;&Hk;rSm 0efcHyg?

ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; v$rf;rdk;tEdkifusifhcH&&if/ xifa&mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif tvkyfcH&&if/ a&S@ae&J@ t}uH^m%f&,lzdk@ (&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'eJ@ qef@usif+yD;) jiif;y,fcH&&if E_wfydwfaeyg? 'grSr[kwf bmrSrywfoufcJh ygbl;vdk@ jiif;yg?

rouFmol wa,mufxufydk+yD; ppfa=umcHae&wJh umvrsKd;rSm ykvdyfudkausmzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;vHk;0r&Sdbl; qdkwm em;vnf&r,f? qdkygpkd@³³³ rouFmolwa,mufudk (ykvdyfu ar;vdk@) tjcm;rouFmolwa,mufeJ@ aumfzD qdkifrSmpum;ajymcJhwmudk jyefajym+yDqdkygpdk@? ykvdyfudkvrf;v$Jzdk@ tr_eJ@rqdkifwJh tao;pdwfta=umif;t&mav;awG udk pajymvdrfhr,f? 'Dtao;pdwfawGudk 'kwd,rouFmcH&oludk oGm;ajymwJhtcg “[m³³³ 'Daumifawmh azmf+yD”vdk@ xif+yD; pajymawmhrSmbJ?

vlwpkudk ppfa=umcH&&if ykvdyfudkvSnfhpm;Edkifzdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifyg? olwdk@rSm wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifhvnf;r&Sd/ b,ftcsufudk azmfajymr,fqdkwmvnf; n‡dE_dif;cGifh r&Sdvdk@ygbJ?

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29

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30

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cifAsm;rSm wefzdk;xm;wJht&mwcsdK@&Sdw,f? 'gudk ESpfESpfumum ,Hk=unfw,f? ('Dwefzdk;xm;r_awG[m usaemfhtwGufawmh tpdrf;oufoufjzpfayr,fh cifAsm;E_wfqdwfaewmudkawmh +zdKcsypfEdkifw,f?) 'Dwefbdk;xm;r_ awG[m cifAsm;,Hk=unfr_awG&Jh tajccHawGbJ? KGB eJ@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@awGtzdk@ cifAsm;tr_udk ppfaq;&cuf apwJht&mawGjzpfayr,fh cifAsm;twGufawmh&Sif;aewmbJ? tJ'Dt&mawGu cifAsm;udkaysmhoGm;atmif vkyfvdk@&yg w,f? cifAsm;&JhtvGef&dk;&Sif;wJh twWADZpdwfudk awG@wmeJ@ cifAsm;wefbdk;xm;r_awGudk vufeuftjzpfoHk;vdk@ &+yD? cifAsm; axmifusrSmudka=umufwm/ axmifxJu apmEdkifor#apmapm jyefxGufcsifwm--pwmawG[m usaemfwdk@

အတြက္အေရးမႀကီးေတာ့ပါဘူး၊ခင္ဗ်ားကစကားေျပာခ်င္စိတ္မရွိဘူး၊ကိုယ့္ကိုကိုယ္ကာကြယ္ခ်င္တယ္၊ဒါမွမဟုတ္

လည္းခင္ဗ်ားတို႕တိုက္ပြဲရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္နဲ႕နည္းလမ္းေတြဟာ ဘယ္ေလာက္မြန္ျမတ္သန္႕စင္တယ္ဆိုတာ ေျပာေကာင္း ေျပာလိုေပလိမ့္မယ္။ဘာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ေလ ခင္ဗ်ားစကားေျပာလာၿပီဆိုၿပီးတာဘဲ။

uJ³³³ck cifAsm;eJ@usaemfESpfa,muf pum;ajym=uawmhr,f? usaemfuawmh aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;prf; oyfcH+yD;om; enf;a[mif;}uD;awGoHk;rSmbJ? tHh=op&maumif;wmu tJ'D enf;a[mif;}uD;awGu (90)&mE_ef; avmuftvkyfjzpfw,fAs?

cifAsm;udk,fcifAsm; 'DtajctaeeJ@ aeom;wusjzpfatmif vkyfvdkufygOD;? tvsifrvdkygeJ@av? 'Dpmydk'f awGudk aocsmtcsdef,lzwfyg? tcsufwcsuf+yD;wdkif; c%em;+yD;pOf;pm;yg? pdwWaZ' jyZwfav;wyk'fvdkvkyf+yD; pOf; pm;yg? usaemfae&mrSm oli,fcsif;wa,mufudkppfckdif;+yD; upm;=unfhyg? usaemfhar;cGef;awGudk ouf&Sdvlwa,muf &Jh toH=um;&awmh ydktouf0ifwmaygh? cifAsm;&Jhwkef@jyefyHkawGudk jyefqef;ppfyg? apm'uwuf csifpdwfudk }udK;pm; +yD;azsmufyg? usaemfhudk &Sif;jyzdk@/ vufcHvmatmifvkyfzdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? usaemfu t+rJwrf;rSefwJh vl? wdwfqdwfaewJhtxJrSm cifAsm;&JhpdwfxJ cifAsm;&JhtajzawGudk jyefem;axmif=unfhyg?

+yD;aemhrS cifAsm;odyfpdwf&_wfoGm;wJh tcsdefav;awGudk jyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg? rdwfaqGawGeJ@ bma=umifhjzpf& ovJ qdkwJhtajzudk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;=unfhyg? tcufcJqHk;tajctaeawGrSmawmif cifAsm;yg;pyf ydwfaezdk@vdkw,f?

wae@us&if 'D[mawG[m toHk;0ifaumif;0ifvmygvdrfhr,f?

1. cifAsm;rajzbl;qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk@u zrf;&awmhrSmbJ? tdrfjyefcsif&if ajymAsm³³³cifAsm; 'DpmapmifawGudk b,fu &cJhovJqdkwmudk

2. cifAsm;tr_u bmrSta&;r}uD;ygbl;? cifAsm; ckvdkacgif;rmae&ifom tpdk;&a&S@aeu zrf;zdk@ trdef@ay; awmh rSm? 'Dvdk pmapmiftr_awG usaemfwdk@qDrSmwyHk}uD;pmapmifav; vufxJawG@&HkeJ@awmhb,fol@ udkrS rzrf; ygbl;Asm? usaemfwdk@tawG@t}uHKt&awmh b,fol@qDuae/ b,fuae pmapmifawG& w,fvdk@ yGifhyGifh vif;vif;ajymwJhvl[m 'Djzef@csda&;xJrSm xJxJ0if0ifrygwm aocsmw,f? olwdk@u zrf;avmufwJholawGG r[kwfygbl;? vufum;orm;awGbJ? 'dk@u pdwf0ifpm;wmyg? vufvDorm; awGudk *&krpdkufygbl;? pum;ajymzdk@ jiif;qefaewJholuawmh vufum;orm;bJ? cifAsm;vdkaygh? cifAsm;pdwfudk ajymif;vJatmifvkyfzdk@/ yg;pyfyGifhvmatmifvkyzdk@ axmifxJrSm(3)vavmufawmh oGm;aevdkufOD;aygh?

3. cifAsm;udkzrf;&wm ckvdk zGifhajymzdk@ jiif;qefaevdk@bJ? cifAsm;udk OD;‘u’}uD;&hJ xGufqdkcsuf zwfjyr,f? olu 'DudpPxJrSm cifAsm;xuf trsm;}uD;ydkvkyfcJhwJholqdkwm cifAsm;odygw,f? 'gayr,fh ckolvGwfoGm; +yDav?

4. cifAsm;ckvdkxGufcsufay;zdk@jiif;qefaewmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/ tpdk;&a&S@aeujzpfjzpf tjypf&Sd w,f vdk@,lqp&m jzpfvmvdrfhr,f? 'g &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'u qdkxm;wmbJ? jypfr_usL;vGef+yD; jypfr_usL;vGef ol&Jh pdwfaeoabmxm; b,fvdk&Sdw,fqdkwmudk b,fw&m;&Hk;ujzpfjzpf/ tpdk;&a&S@ae ujzpfjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSmawmh oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkbl;? txl;ojzifh jypfr_usL;vGef+yD;a=umif; 0efcHwJholawG/ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawGudk tr_ta=umif; tcsuftvufjynfhjynfhpHkpHk ajymjyolawG udkaygh? 'g[m tr_udk w&m;&Sifv$wfzdk@/ y vyfzdk@ 'grSr[kwfrv$Jruif;om &Hk;a&mufoGm;&ifvnf; oufouf!Sm!SmpD&ifzdk@ vHk avmufwJhta=umif;awGbJ? cifAsm; csufcsif; xGufcsufay;ovm;/ tawmf=um=umppf+yD;rS vaygif;t awmf=umrS xGufcsufay;rvm;qdkwm w&m;&Hk;twGuf ta&; r}uD;ygbl;?

5. [kwfvdkufavAsm cifAsm;u ol&Jaumif;jzpfcsifvdk@ yg;pyfydwfaewmudk;? cifAsm;u ydkvef aygifrkef@udk pm;+yD; &efolwa,mufvdk E_wfydwfxm;awmhwmudk;? tck'DrSm cifAsm;udk vmpum;ajymaewm tjypfuif;ol awGudk a&G;xkwfzdk@/ ydkvefjynf}uD;udkulnDcsifayr,fh toHk;cscHae&olawGudk wu,fh &efoltppfawGeJ@ cGJxkwfzdk@bJ? at;--rif;uawmh&efolbJ? 'dk@vkyf+yDqdk&ifawmh rif; roufombl; rSwfaya&mh?

33

6. rif;touf (30)&Sd+yDaemf? a,mufsm;&Sdw,f? uav;ESpfa,mufeJ@? rif;udkaxmifcsvdk@&wJhtaxmuft xm;awG 'dk@rSmwyHk}uD;&Sdw,f? ajratmufpmapmifjzef@csr_eJ@ pGJcsufwifrvm;/ tpdk;&udk jzKwfcs&ef }uHpnfwJh &mZ0wfruif;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wGifyg0ifr_eJ@ pGJcsufwifrvm;? }udKufwmvkyfvdk@ &w,f? 'kwd, tr_eJ@om &Hk;wifvdkufvdk@uawm ppfcHk&Hk;eJ@ppfrSm? atmufxpf(5)ESpfbJ? (5)ESpfqdkwm trsdK;orD;w a,muftwGufawmh tawmf=umwmaem? a,mufsm;wa,mufxuf pm&ifayghav³³³? axmifuxGufvm&if axmifuESdyfpufvdkufvdk@ vluvnf;a=umifawmifawmifjzpfae/ &kyfuvnf; tdkemusaerSm? &mZ0wfr_eJ@ axmifxJa&mufvm+yD; ck rif;eJ@twlwl wcef;xJrSmaewJholawGudkar; =unfhprf;yg? axmif (5)ESpfus+yD; jyefxGufoGm;wJhrdef;r b,fESpfa,mufrsm; jyefp&mtdrf&Sdao;vdk@vJ? rif;a,mufsm;udk qdkvdkwmaemf? rif;eJ@ igwdk@eJ@ em;vnfr_av;wckavmuf prf;=unfh=u&if raumif; bl;vm;? rif;vkyfay;&rSmu wckxJ? a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@tpnf;xJu rif;&JhtquftoG,fawGudk igwdk@udkajymjy/ 'dk@utwif;t=uyfqHk; v#dK@0Sufxm;rSmyg? +yD;awmh rif;udk igwdk@u pmapmifjzef@csdr_eJ@bJ qufppfr,f? 'gqdk qdkif;iHhaxmif'%f(2) ESpfavmufeJ@ w&m;&Hk;xJu tomav; vrf;avsmufxGuf oGm;EdkifrSm aocsmw,f?

7. 'Dtr_rSm tjcm;olawG b,fvdkxGufqdkxm;w,fqdkwm igzwfjywm rif;=um;+yD;+yDr[kwfvm;/ rif;oli,fcsif;awGuawmh olwdk@tjypfudk 0efcHEdkfifavmufatmif &dk;om;=uw,fuG? at;av³³³ igajymwm oabmrwlvnf;/ b,folbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@ owWdudkawmh av;pm;&rSmbJuG? tJ³³³ rif;uawmh vla=umufwJh/ owWdr&SdwJhaumif?

8. OD;‘u’}uD;eJ@ awG@+yD;rSawmh rif;oli,fcsif;awGu olwdk@odwm &dk;&dk;om;om; tukefajymae+yDqdkwm rif; oHo,jzpfp&m rvdkawmhygbl;uGm? rif;wdk@ta=umif; 'dk@tm;vHk;odxm;+yD;omqdkwm rif;ckawmhod+yD r [kwfvm;? wu,ftawG@t}uHK&ifhwJh vufaxmufawGuawmh tazmfeJ@vkyfwJhtr_ qdkwm tzrf;cH& wmeJ@ ay:awmhrSmbJqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG? vlrsm;rsm;ygav 'dk@twGuf vG,fulavbJ? olv#dKr_/ aiGtvGJoHk;pm;r_/ vdrfvnfr_tm;vHk; 'Dvdkcsnf;bJ? rif;=unfhav 'Dvdktr_rsdK; rSm taES;eJ@tjref wa,mufa,mufu pajymwmcsnf;bJuG? rif;wdk@tr_wGJbJ=unfhav/ rif;wa,mufuvGJvdk@ vlwdkif;u ajymae+yD? rif;awmhemawmhrSmbJ? =unfhav³³³tqHk;usawmh tm;vHk;uudk,fvGwf&Hk;=uawmhwmbJ? wa,mufudkwa,muf v$Jcsvdk@/ rajymwJholu "g;pmcH jzpfrSmbJ? aemufrS usaemfajymygawmhr,fqdk&if odyfaemufusoGm;+yD udk,fhvl? w&m;&Hk;uvnf; t&ifqHk;zGifhajymwJholudk ,HkwmbJuG? uJ--rif; oli,f csif; OD;‘u’}uD;&JhxGufqdkcsufudk jyef=unfh&atmif? oluajymawmh rif;u ol@udk vyfAvif(Lublin) eJ@ (Lodz) rSm csuGufaoawG pDpOfcdkif;cJhwmqdk? +yD;awmh rif;u bkef;awmf}uD; ³³³eJ@ tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@vnf; csdef;cdkif;cJhao; w,fqdkbJ?

9. rif;u rifhuav;udk rcspfbl;vm;? [kwfvm;/ rif;u uav;rxdef;csifbJ axmifxJrSmbJ aecsifwmudk;uG/ rifhuav;uawmh tdrfrSm wa,mufxJrae&Jvdk@ tdrfeD;em;csif;awGqD idk+yD;wae@vHk; avsmufoGm;ae w,f? rifhudk uav;tkyfxdef;cGifh &kwfodrf;vdkuf+yD; uav;udk rdbrJha*[m ydk@vdkufwmbJaumif;r,f? 'gu taumif;qHk;jzpfrSmbJ?

10. uJ³³³'gawG yGifhyGifhvif;vif;pm&if;&Sif;=u&atmifav? rif;taemuf*smreDudk ypPnf;wcsdK@ydk@cJhw,f qdkwm igwdk@ aumif;aumif;odygw,fuG? 'Dvrf;a=umif;udkvnf; igwdk@odygw,f? wefjyefaxmuf vSrf;a&; Xmeu ay;wJhowif;t& rif;u 'Dvrf;a=umif;uwqifh trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuf tvufawG ydk@cJhw,fwJh? olv#dKr_eJ@ w&m;pGJrcHcsif&ifawmh wvrf;bJ&Sdw,f? 'DypPnf; awG rif;udk b,fol u ay;cJhw,fqdkwm 'dk@udkajymuGm? tJ'Dvlu rif;udk olay;cJhwm[m omref vufurf; pmapmifav;awG ygvdk@om oufaojyEdkif&if 'dk@u aemufwae@ v$wfay;rSmaygh?

11. rif;u wu,fhudk ,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ pdwf"wftjynfheJ@vkyfwm igwdk@u odygw,f? rif; t wm? tawG@ t}uHKr&Sdwm? vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwf&SdwmawGudk olwdk@u toHk;csoGm;wmbJ? rif;udk 'Dvkyfief;awGxJ qGJoGif;oluvnf; wcsdK@tcsufawGudk eJeJ‘um;’ajymw,fuGm? (1980)=o*kwfv rwdkifcif(Gdansk) oabFmusif;tygt0if qENjyyGJrsm; woD}uD;jzpfcJh+yD;/ ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ay:aygufvmonfh

34

tcsdefu wcsdK@ tpdk;&qHk;jzwfcsufawG rw&m;bl;qdkwm igwdk@oabmwlygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif;vnf; 'DvdkygbJqdkwm [kwfygw,fuGm/ bmbJjzpfjzpfav rif;uawmh olwdk@toHk;csoufoufjzpfae+yD? rif;u awmh olwdk@b,folawGvJ/ olwdk@EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawGu bmawGvJ/ olwdk@rSm b,fvdk tquf toG,fawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;uawmh rod&Smbl;? OyrmuGm³³³rif;wdk@‘aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ e,fajrcHt}uHay;[m pwmvifacwfu &J&Jawmuf bk&m;rJh0g'Dqdkwm rif;odvm;? *dkrlum(Gomulka) acwfu 0dkif;Zif;o,f (AD,ifem&Hk;pdkuf emZDrkqdk; Simon Wiesenthal &Jh olv#dKjzpfcJhbl;wm rif;odvm;? taemufEdkifiHb%frSm pm&if;zGifhxm;wm rif;odvm;? abmufpf0yf*Gef; um;}uD;pD;aewmaum rif; odvm;? oluawmh ol@woufwm zlvHkae+yDuG? rif;&Jh &dk;&dk;ukwfukwf aeygw,fqdkwJh acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;‘u’}uD;uvnf; v#dK@0SufcsufawGeJ@bJuG? rm&S,favmumvu rif;wdk@tkyfpktwGuf taxmuftyHh tultnDawG a':vm b,favmuf&cJhw,fqdkwm rif;wdk@udk ajymjycJhzl;ovm;? b,fol@qDu&w,fqdk wmaum rajymbl;vm;? jiif;r&wJh oufaocHawG =unfhcsifao;ovm;?

12. rif;rSmuav;&Sdvm;/ r&Sdbl; [kwfvm;? 0rf;enf;ygw,fuGm? igarhoGm;vdk@yg/ aumif;wmaygh? tJ'godyf aumif;wmaygh? vleJeJbJcH&av aumif;avayhguGm? 'gayr,fh wckawmh&Sdw,f? rif;tjypf&oGm; &ifawmh aoG;qHk;ae+yDaem/ uav;&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdawmhbl;ayghuGm?

13. rif;udkppfaq;vdk@&wJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@ rif;udk olv#dKr_eJ@ &Hk;wifvdk@&w,f? rif;tr_udk ppfcHk&Hk;udk v$Jvdk@ &w,fqdkwm rif;odvm;? puf&Hk‘u’}ud;[m ppfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm ywfoufaew,fqdkwm rif; odvm;? P8 Xmeu bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwmaum rif;odvm;? rodbl;r[kwfvm;? P8 puf&Hk tvkyf orm;awGxJu b,folawG rif;qDu aiGeJ@tpm;tpmawG &aew,fqdkwm igwdk@odw,f? ‘tzdESdyfcHrsm; twGuftultnD’vdk@awmh emrnfcHwmayghuGm? olwdk@csif; b,fvdk tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr_&Sdw,fqdkwm rif;rodbl;? 'g axmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;uG/ rif; igwdk@ajymwm,HkyguGm? ppfvufeufxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;u tvkyfjzKwfcH&olawG&Jh trnfawG/ vdyfpmawG &r,fqdk&if b,faxmufvSrf;atzGJ@urqdk aiGay;rSmbJuG? b,fol t&ufaomufvGefvdk@ tvkyfjzKwfcH&w,f qdkwmawmif olwdk@u odcsif ao;w,f? oydwform;awmh rajymeJ@awmhayghuGm? rif; igajymwm em;axmifprf;yg? axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDwcktwGuf olwdk@tm;vHk;[m tvm;tvm&Sdaom olv#dKawGbJ? rif;u tJ'Dolv#dKpkaqmif; a&;vkyfief;rSmygaewm rif;odvm;? rif;u rodvdk@ vkyfae wmvm;? olv#dKvkyfief; Zmwf&_wf}uD;xJygae wmudk rodavmufatmif t aewmvm;awmh igwdk@ rodbl;ayghuGm? rif;udk igwdk@ rsm;rsm;rar;ygbl;? 'Dukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;rSm rif;tjyif b,folygao;vJ qdkwmudk igu odcsifwmyg? 'gav;ygbJuG? 'gu wu,fudk ukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;tppfjzpfw,fqdk&if b,folrSrxdcdkufap&ygbl;? rif;udkawmh wckowday; vdkufr,f? rif;udk 'dk@v$wfay;vdkuf+yD; odyfr=um cif rif; rawmfwqr_wckckeJ@awG@r,f? 'grSr[kwfvnf; udk,fhtdrfrSm aoa=umif;}uHwmudkbJjzpfjzpf awG@&vdrfhr,f? axmufvSrf;a&;XmeawGu olwdk@ bmvkyf& r,fqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG?

14. rif;udk OD;‘u’u aiGawG c%c%ay;awm igwdk@odygw,fuG tJ'DxJu wcsdK@eJ@ rif;u aq;qdk;yef;&dkuf tvkyf&Hkav;axmifzdk@/ usefwJh ydkufqHudk txdef;odrf;cHrdom;pkawGudk axmufyHhzdk@ayghuGm? OD;‘u’}uD; u &dk;ygw,fuG/ olu 'dk@udk tukefvHk; tao;pdwfajymjyw,f? a':vmeJ@taemuf*smref‘rwf’aiGawG b,frSmvJw,f? ydkvefZavmhwD b,favmuf&w,fqdkwm igwdk@tukefodw,f? rif;uol@udk vufusef &Sif;wrf;ray;vdk@ eJeJawmh pdwfylaew,fuG? b,fol@udk b,favmufay;vdkuf&w,fqdkwm rif;u 'dk@udk rajymbl;ayghav? at; ³³³aumif;ygw,fuGm? 0g'jzef@csda&;twGufawmh 'Dvdkjzpfwm ydkaumif;wmayghuGm? rif;udk tao;pm; aiGtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfol/ vlvdrftjzpfeJ@ igwdk@u &Hk;wifr,f? odyfudkaumif;wJhtr_ ayghuGm? “}uD;rdkufvl&_wf}uD;or*~ ydkufqH,l+yD;awmh ajratmufol&Jaumif; [efaqmifjcif;”ayghuGm? nuvyfawGrSm rif; b,fvdkydkufqHjzKef;cJhw,fqdkwm usrf;}udrf+yD; oufao xGufr,fholawG wyHk}uD;&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? 'dk@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aewJh zmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f qdkwm rif;odygw,f? rif;rSm a&G;p&m(2)ckbJ&Sdw,f? 'dk@ar;wmajz+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ@0ifawGudk &Hk;wif wJh tr_wGJxJygrvm;? EdkifiHa&;t& odyfudkta&;}uD;wJh/

35

xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfawGeJ@twlayghuGm? 'grSr[kwf OD;aESmufr&SdbJ ckvdkjiif;ae+yD; w&m;cH0uf+cHxJrSm xdkifrvm;? 0gaqmw+rdK@vHk;u zmawGu rif;tr_twGuf oufaoxGuf=urSmuG? pOf;pm;ayghuGm rif;a&G;wJhtwdkif;ygbJ?

15. rif; tckvdk acgif;rmwm/ E_wfqdkwfaewm[m rif;wa,mufxJemrSm r[kwfbl;/ wjcm;vlawGvnf; emrSm? rif;tcef;u 'dk@&SmawG@wJh vufurf;pmapmifa&S@tzHk;rSm a': ‘c’ acG;&Jhzkef;eHygwf awG@xm; w,fuG? 'dk@u ol@udkzrf;xm;+yD;+yD? olu odyf+yD;pdwf"wf}uH@cdkifolr[kwfbl;qdkwm rif;odygw,f? ol@rSm uav; wa,mufvnf; usefcJhw,fuG? ol@qDuxGufcsuf 'dk@&xm;+yD;+yD? reufzefus&ifol@udk axmifxJrSm qufxm;rvm;§v$wfypfrvm;qdkwm 'dk@qHk;jzwfr,f? uHqdk;csifawmh ol@xGufcsufawGu a0hvnfa=umifywfeJ@ odyftm;aysmhvGef;w,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeu ol@udk axmifxJrSmbJ qufxm;awmh rSm igpdk;&drfw,fuGm? rif; 'dk@ar;wm rajzbl;qdk&if/ ol@zkef;eHywfudk b,fu&cJhw,fqdkwm rajymbl; qdk&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeu 'DvdkbJ vkyf&awmhrSmbJ?

16. rif;&Jh tcspfqHk;rdwfaqG r‘*’i,f&JhxGufcsufa=umifh tckvdktzrf;cH&w,fqdkwm rif;aumif;aumif; odyg w,f? olu =um=umrcHEdkifbl;avuGm? olu 'dk@udk &dk;&dk;om;om;jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xGufcsufvnf; ay;+yD;a&m wcgxJ &kwfw&uf t&kwf}udK;jywfusoGm;awmhwmbJ? owfaozdk@ }udK;pm;awmhwmbJ? 'dk@ pdwfa&m*g q&m0efuajymwmawmh pdwfusa&m*gwJh? ol@udk tck txl;aqmifrSmxm;vdkuf+yD? tJ'Dtaqmif&Jhtajc taeu usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh a,musfm;wa,mufawmif &ifqdkifzdk@rvG,fbl;? 'Daumifrav;udk rif;u rif;&Jh tpdk;&qef@usifa&;tkyfpkxJ xnfhvdkufwm 'dk@odygw,f? rif;u ol@t xufu/ ckawmh 'Duav;rav;&Jh aemifa&;u rif;vufxJrSm? rif;qDu 'dk@xGufcsuf&&if/tif; ³³³ qdkygawmhuGm³³³rif;u ol@udk *'ef@(Gdansk)oabFmusif;udk oHk;av;acgufv$wfw,f? ajratmuf pmapmifawGjzef@csd&mrSm eJeJyg;yg;avmuf ygcJhw,fqdkwmavmufeJ@qdk&ifawmh 'dk@u ol@udkcsufcsif; v$wfvdkufrSmbJ? 'dk@udk ,HkyguGm? 'dk@uvnf; axmifxJrSm ckvdkowfaowmawG c%c%rjzpf apcsifygbl;? oluawmh cktcsdefrSm bmrqdkvkyfEdkif w,faem? uJ³³³'dk@wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnf Edkif+yDvm;? tvGefoem;p&maumif;wJh pdwfusa&m*g &aewJh rdef;uav;wa,muf&Jh vGwfajrmufa&; [m rif;vufxJrSm&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk?

17. rif;eJ@aphpyfxm;wJh/ rif;eJ@twlzrf;rdwJh aumifrav;u rif;udk umuG,fzdk@awmh }udK;pm;aewmbJuG? olu 'dk@udkajymjyawmh tawmf=um+yDuG? ol@xGufcsufxJu wcsdK@udk 'dk@zwfjyr,f? tcspfpdwfv$rf; aewJh rdef;rawGxHk;pHayghuGm? olvkyfcJhwmawG yHk}uD;csJ@ajym/ rif;vkyfcJhwmawG av#mhajym? 'DyHk twdkif; qdk oluawmh axmif'%ftawmfwefae+yDuG? rif;odwJhtwdkif;bJ olurvnfbl;av? vlwdkif;u vnf; rif;vdk acgif;rrmbl;? igh tawG@t}uHKt&ajym&&if/ igrif;udkajym&§r&awmh rodbl;ayghuGm? rif; Bridge zJ upm;wwfvm;? upm;wwfw,f/ [kwfvm;? ajymjyprf;yguGm? aumif;aumif; upm;wwfwmeJ@ nHhnHhupm;wwfwm b,f[mu ydkvG,fovJqdkwm em;axmifprf;? rif;om wu,faumif;aumif;upm;wwf&if yGJudka&S@uOD;aqmif&w,fuG? rif;omajymr,fqdk&if rif;xGuf csuftwdkif; igu 'Daumifrav;udk ppf&rSmbJ? ol@xGufcsuftwdkif; ppfp&mrvdkbl;? wu,fawmh ig rif;udk tckvdk&Sif;rjy&bl;? rif;udk *k%foa&&Sd vl}uD;vlaumif;vdk@ igrxifbl;uG? zmacgif;awmif rif; xufydk+yd; udk,fhoduQmudk,fxdef;Edkifao;w,f? b,fvdkvJ? ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm; ol&Jaumif; }uD;&Jh? xGD³³³ tvum;aumif? aumifrav;u ol@udk,fol yHkcsaeor# rif;u at;at;aq;aq; xdkifapmifhvdk@?

18. tpdk;&qef@usifa&;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk rif;tcef;(rif;rSm tcef;vnf;r&Sdygbl;)u rdwmr[kwfbl;? rif; rdbawG&Jhtcef;u rdw,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? rif;taz b,frSmvkyfw,f/ ol@&mxl;u bmqdk wm rif;odygw,f? rif;uawmh 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awG b,fu&w,fqdkwm 'dk@udkckxd rajymao;bl;? 'gqdk &if 'gawGudk rif;tazqDu&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmbJ? [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;? igwdk@uawmh 'Dvrf;ajrSmifav; udk&Smzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yD? igajymwm,Hkprf;yguGm? 'dk@uvkyfr,fqdk&if/ vkyf+yDqdk&if rifhtazawmh udpPt jywfbJ? igtrSwfrrSm;bl;qdk&if rif;tazu yifpif,lzdk@(2)ESpfbJ vdkawmhwmbJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;?

36

19. rif;u i,fvnf;i,f ^m%fvnf;xufwJhrdef;uav;wa,mufbJ? rif;rSm t,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawG/ tpDtpOfawG&SdrSmbJ? 'gayr,fh ppfa=uma&;wavsmufvHk; rif;u wu,fh iwHk;wa,mufvdkygbJvm;? wckck ,l cJw,f? wckckudk tjcm;wae&mudk v$Jay;vkdufw,f? wa,mufa,mufeJ@ awG@cJhw,f/ 'gbJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh uGm³³³ ‘u’}uD;uqdk ol@EdkifiHa&;tjrifhawGudk tpD&ifcHpm t&Snf}uD;a&;ay;w,f? 'gqdk 'dk@uvnf; ol@udk EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftjzpf &Hk;wifvdk@ &wmaygh? rif;usawmh ol@&Jhr,m;/ ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;,m,Dtazmf rdef;uav;wa,muftjzpfbJ ajymvkd@&awmhrSm? 'D[mu rif;eJ@ vdkufyghrvm;qdkwm igawmh odyfraocsmbl;?

20. ‘ajratmuftzGJ’qdkwJhxJu rif;oli,fcsif;awGvkyfaeyHkuawmh wu,fhudk taysmfwrf;qefvGef;w,f? ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudkvnf; rvdkufembl;? rif;t&ifwcgtzrf;cH&wmvnf; 'DaumifawG ayghaygh qqvkyfvdk@/ toHk;rusvdk@bJ? rif;uawmh olwdk@xuf trsm;}ud;omw,f? yg&*lwa,mufbJqdkwm igwdk@ odw,f? rif;a&;xm;wJh pnf;urf;awG('D[m rif;a&;w,fqdkwm igwdk@odygw,fuG? ‘u’}uD;u ajymxm; +yD;+yD?)twdkif; vdkufem&if rif;wdk@tpkudk rdzdk@rvG,fbl;? uHqdk;csifawmh rif;u tvum; aumifawGeJ@oGm; aygif;rdwmudk;uG? rif;uawmh wu,fhvlawmfyg? 'dk@u tvkyfudkaocsmvkyfwwf wJholawGudk oabmus ygw,f? w&m;&Hk;ppfcsufrSwfwrf;awG[m(wjcm; rif;a&S@utpkawGvdkbJ) wcsdefus ordkif;okawoDawGt wGuf ordkif0ifypPnf;jzpfrSm aocsmw,f? tJ'Dordkif;okawoDawGu rif;wdk@tpkudk wu,fhpnf;&Hk;r_&dSwhJ EdkifiHa&;t&&ifhusufwJhtpktjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? iaygtkyfpkwpk tjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? ordkif;0ifusefapcsif&if rif;wdk@tpkudk taumif;jrifapcsif&if ajymuGm? rif;wdk@ owif;pmjzef@csda&;uGef,uf b,fvdk wnfaqmufxm;w,f qdkwmudk?

21. rif;u 'kwd,vdkif;xJrSmygw,f? aemifrSm ykvdyfeJ@ppfom;awGudk "gwfqDyHk;awGeJ@ypfr,fholawGaygh? rif;vdk aumifawG awG@zl;aygif;rsm;+yDuGm? a[haumif³³³'D'kwfudk =unfhprf;/ [dkzufvSnfhroGm;ygeJ@uG? ighvlawG u rif;udkbmrSrvkyfygbl;? 'dk@rSm tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ em;axmifprf; 'gawG rif;udk b,folay;wmvJ?

22. rif;a&S@upmtkyfudk=unfhprf;? 'gbmvJ? b,fola&;wmvJ? bmvdk@a&;wmvJ? rif;u yg;pyfydwf aew,f ayghav? aumif;vdkufwmuGm³³³? rif;u ckvdk aocsmyg;pyfydwfxm;zdk@ avhusifhoif=um; cHxm;&olbJ? t&ifwHk;uawmh KOR vufurf;pmapmifqdkwm &SdcJhbl;w,fuG? tJ'DxJrSm Oya' jyXmef;csufawGxJu xkwfE_wf+yD;/ trsdK;rsdK;vdrfaumuf+yD;zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsufawG ygw,f? ‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’qdkwJh tcef;rsdK;aygh? rif;a&S@u[mbJav? tJ'gbmvnf;qdkwm rif;odvm;? 'g olv#dKvkyfief;twGuf pHuswJh !$ef=um;v$mbJ? zrf;rdwJhtcsdef olv#dKwa,muf bmvkyf&r,fqdkwJh vufpGJpmapmifbJ? 'DvufpGJpmapmif &Jh tajccHu bmvJqdkwmrif;odvm;? 'DrSm tJ'D!$ef=um;csuf rdwWL? CIA ta&S@Oa&myXmecGJuae 'dk@&Jh wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;u &cJhwm? ‘OD;aESmuftaq;cH&jcif; udk wkef@jyef&mwGif tm;xm;Edkifaom avhusifhcef;tjzpf tm&Hka=umavhusifhcef;’qdkwmbJ? rif;a&S@u pmapmifeJ@ tcktcsuftvufawGeJ@ wdkuf=unfhav? tcsuf(22)csufvHk;[m twlwlbJ? rwlbl;vm;/ rif;uawmh E_wfqdwfaewkef;bJ? olv#dKvufpGJxJu !$ef=um;csufawGtwdkif; vdkufemaewkef;bJ r[kwfvm;? ?

37

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Tajny ruch wydawniczy w Warszawie w latach 1939-1944 [Clandestine Publishing Activity in Warsaw, 1939-1944]. Studia warszawie, Warszawalat wojny I okupacji. Zeszyt 3, 1974.

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Organizacja malego sabotazu “Wawer” w warszawie (1940-1944) [The “Wawer” a Small Sabotage Organization in Warsaw (1940-1944). Najnowsze dzieje Polski, Materialy I studia zolerus II wojny swiatowej.

Vol. X. 1966.

Drogi cichociemnych. [Roads of Grey and Silent Soldiers] Opwiadania zebrine I opracowane przez Kolo Spadochroniarzy Armii Krajowej. Wyd. 3. Londyn. 1972. Veritas.

Jankowski Stanislaw. Z falszywym ausweisem w prawdziwej Waszawie [With a false ID in the True Warsaw]. Tom 1-2. Warszawa. 1980. PIW.

Korbonski Stefan. W imieniu Rzeczpospolitej [In the name of the the Republic]. Toronto. 1979. Polskie Towarzystwo Podziemne.

Kreczmar Jan. Sytuacja aktora w okupowanej Warszawie [The Situation of an Actor in occupied Warsaw]. Odrodzenie nr 6/7. 1944.

Kucharzewski Jan. Od bialego do czerwonego caratu [From White to Red History]. Londyn. 1958. Veritas.

Kumar Emil, Wycinek z historii jednego zycia [Part of One Man’s Life History]. Warszawa. 1967. Pax.

Nowak jan (Zdzislaw jezioranski). Kurier z Warszawy [A courier form warsaw] Warszawa. 1979. NOWa.

Solzenitzyn Alexander. Archipelag Gualg [The Gulag Archipelago]. Paryz 1974.lnstytut Literacki.

Strzembosz Tomasz. Odbijanie Wieznioe w Warszawie 1939. 1944 [The Liberation of poisoners in Warsaw 1939.1944]. Warszawa 1972. PWN.

Strzembosz. Tomasz. Spoleczne I psychologizne problemy zolnierzy warszawskie dywersji [Social Psychlogical Problems of Soldiers in Warsaw Subversive Units]. Rocznik Warszawski. Tom XIV 1976.

Szarota Tomasz. Okupowanej dzien powszedni [Everyday Life in ccupied warsaw]. Warszawa, 1978, Wyd. 2. Czytelnik.

Walka o dobra kultury. Warszawa 1939-1945 [The Struggle Over Cultural Treasuies. Warsazawa 1939-1945]. Pod red. St. Lorentza. Tom 1-2. Warszawa. 1970. PIW.

38

Wojewodzki Michal. W tajnych drukarniach Warszawy 1939-1944. Wspomnienia [In Warsaw’s Clandestine Printing Shops 1939-1944. Recollections]. Warszawa. 1970. PIW.

Zaremba Zygmunt . Wojna I konspiracja [War and Conspiravy]. Londyn. 1957. Druk. B. Swiderski.

Z dziejow podziemnego Universytetu warszawskiego [From the History of the Uniderground Warsaw University]. Warszawa. 1961. Iskry

39

SPDC oppress to lowers without noticed

Oversea Burmese Boycott on Referedum

ႏိုင္ငံတကာေရာက္ ျမန္မာမ်ား သံ႐ံုးေရွ႕ ဆႏၵျပ

ျမန္မာစစ္အစိုးရ ေရးဆြဲသည့္ အေျခခံဥပေဒကို မေက်နပ္သျဖင့္ ကမၻာအရပ္ရပ္တြင္ ေရာက္ရွိေနေသာ ျမန္မာမ်ားက သံ႐ံုး အသီးသီးတြင္ မဲဆႏၵေပးရင္း ဆႏၵျပလႈပ္ရွားမႈမ်ား ယခင္အပတ္အတြင္း ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့ၾကေၾကာင္း ၾကားသိရသည္။

စင္ကာပူေရာက္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ား မဲေပးရန္ ေစာင့္ေနၾကစဥ္

ထိုသို႔ ဆႏၵျပလႈပ္ရွားမႈမ်ားကို ကေနဒါ၊ စင္ကာပူ၊ မေလးရွား၊ ဂ်ပန္ ေတာင္ကိုရီးယား၊ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ အစရွိသည့္ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။

ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ဆႏၵျပသူ ၅၀ ခန္႔သည္ NO စာလံုး ေရးသားထားသည့္ အက်ႌအနီေရာင္မ်ား ဝတ္ဆင္ကာ ျမန္မာ သံ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ ဧၿပီ ၂၇ ရက္ေန႔က ဆႏၵျပ ေႂကြးေၾကာ္မႈမ်ား ျပဳခဲ့သည္ဟု ဘန္ေကာက္တြင္ ေက်ာင္းတက္ေနသည့္ ျမန္မာ တကၠသိုလ္ ေက်ာင္းသားတဦးျဖစ္သူ ကိုေက်ာ္လင္းဦးက ေျပာသည္။

၎ဆႏၵျပ အဖြဲ႕က “ဆႏၵခံယူပြဲ အလိုမရွိ၊ အေျခခံဥပေဒ က်႐ႈံးပါေစ၊ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအက်ဥ္းသားမ်ားႏွင့္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ လႊတ္ေပး” စသည္ျဖင့္ ေႂကြးေၾကာ္ခဲ့သည္ဟု ၎က ေျပာျပသည္။

ဧၿပီ ၂၇ ရက္ေန႔က စင္ကာပူသံ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ လူဦးေရ ၂၅၀၀ ခန္႔တို႔ မဲထည့္ခြင့္ရရန္ တန္းစီေစာင့္ဆိုင္းေနရေၾကာင္း ထိုေန႔က ဆႏၵမဲသြားေပးသူ ဆိပ္ကမ္း ဝန္ထမ္းတဦးက ေျပာျပသည္။

၎အေနႏွင့္ တရားဝင္ အလုပ္လုပ္ကာ မၾကာေသးမီကမွ အခြန္ေငြ ေဆာင္ထားသျဖင့္ မဲလာထည့္ရန္ စာရရွိထားသူ ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း ထိုေန႔က မဲထည့္ခြင့္ မရခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ဧရာဝတီသို႔ ေျပာသည္။

“စာရထားလို႔သြားတာ ေန႔လယ္ ၁ နာရီခြဲကေန ညေန ၆ နာရီခြဲ လူစုခြဲတဲ့ထိ ေစာင့္ေပမယ့္ မဲထည့္ခြင့္ မရခ့ဲဘူး။ က်ေနာ့္ အထင္ မဲေပးခြင့္ရတဲ့သူ ၃၀ ထက္ မေက်ာ္ဘူးဗ်” ဟု ၎ကေျပာသည္။

အျခားေသာ ကုမၸဏီဝန္ထမ္း တဦးမွာ တရားဝင္ အလုပ္လုပ္ကိုင္လွ်က္ အခြန္ေဆာင္ထားသူ ျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္း မဲေပးရန္ စာမရရွိဟုဆိုသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ မဲေပးခြင့္ရလိုရျငား သံ႐ံုးသို႔ သြားခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ညေနတိုင္သည္အထိ အလွည့္မက်ခဲ့ဟု ေျပာျပသည္။

“စာရထားတဲ့သူေတြေတာင္ မေပးရဘဲ ျပန္သြားရတယ္။ တခါမဲေပးဖို႔ေခၚရင္ သံုးေယာက္ေလာက္ပဲ ေခၚတယ္။ ၿပီးရင္ ၂ နာရီေလာက္ ဘာမွမလုပ္ဘဲ ဒီတိုင္း သံ႐ံုးတံခါးႀကီးကို ပိတ္ထားတယ္” ဟု ၎က ေျပာျပသည္။

မဲကိုတရားဝင္ေပးရန္ စာပို႔ထားသူဦးေရမွာ စုစုေပါင္း ၁၀၀၀၀ သာရွိၿပီး အမွန္တကယ္ တရားဝင္ အလုပ္လုပ္ေနသူဦးေရမွာ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားမပါဘဲ ၃၀၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ရွိေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

စင္ကာပူရွိ ျမန္မာသံ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ မဲေပးရန္ ေစာင့္ဆိုင္းေနသူမ်ားကို ဒီမိုကေရစီအေရး လႈပ္ရွားသူမ်ားက ၾကက္ေျခခတ္ အမွတ္တံဆိပ္ပါ အက်ႌနီမ်ား၊ ဦးထုပ္နီမ်ား ေဝငွေပးခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း မဲေပးရန္ သံ႐ံုးတြင္း ဝင္မည့္သူမ်ားက ထိုအက်ႌမ်ား၊ ဦးထုပ္မ်ားကို အျပင္တြင္ ခၽြတ္ထားခဲ့ရေၾကာင္း ၎က ဆက္ေျပာသည္။

“အျပင္မွာ စင္ကာပူရဲေတြ ေစာင့္ေနတယ္။ အစပိုင္းက ၇ ေယာက္ ၈ ေယာက္ေလာက္ပဲ။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းက်ေတာ့ ၅၀၀၊ ၆၀၀ ေလာက္ျဖစ္လာတယ္” ဟု ၎ကေျပာသည္။

ညေနလူစုခြဲခ်ိန္တြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္သီခ်င္းကို သံၿပိဳင္သီဆိုၿပီး တန္းစီလမ္းေလွ်ာက္သြားကာ လူစု ျပန္ခြဲခဲ့ၾကသည္ဟု သိရသည္။

စင္ကာပူႏိုင္ငံတြင္ တရားဝင္ေနထိုင္၍ ပံုမွန္ အခြန္ထမ္းေဆာင္ေနေသာ ျမန္မာမ်ားကို ဆႏၵခံယူပြဲ အတြက္ ႀကိဳတင္မဲေပးရန္ ဧၿပီ ၂၆၊ ၂၇၊ ၂၈ ရက္ႏွင့္ ၂၉ ရက္ ေလးရက္ သတ္မွတ္ေပးထားသည္။ ဧၿပီ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔၊ စေနေန႔က ကုမၸဏီမ်ား၊ အလုပ္ မ်ားဖြင့္သျဖင့္ သံ႐ံုးသို႔ မဲလာေပးသူ ဦးေရ ၂၀၀ ေက်ာ္ခန္႔သာရွိေၾကာင္း မဲသြားထည့္သူ တဦးက ဧရာဝတီသို႔ ေျပာျပသည္။

စင္ကာပူသံ႐ံုးက မဲလာေပးရမည့္ သူမ်ားထံ စာမ်ားေဝထားၿပီး ၎စာရွိသူႏွင့္ တအိမ္တည္းေန တရားဝင္ေနထိုင္သူမ်ားပါ မဲေပး၍ ရေၾကာင္း မၾကာေသးမီကမွ စင္ကာ ပူႏိုင္ငံသို႔ ေရာက္ရွိေနသူ တဦးကေျပာသည္။

“က်ေနာ့္ သူငယ္ခ်င္းဆီ စာေရာက္ေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို႔ပါ မဲေပးလို႔ ရတယ္ဆိုလို႔ သံ႐ံုးလိုက္သြားတာ။ သံုးေယာက္လံုး ကန္႔ကြက္မဲ ထည့္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔က စေနဆိုေတာ့ အလုပ္မအားတာနဲ႔ လူက သိပ္မရွိဘူး။ ၁ နာရီခြဲေလာက္ေတာ့ သံ႐ံုးမွာ ေစာင့္လိုက္ရတယ္” ဟု ၎ကေျပာျပသည္။

မဲေပးရာတြင္ သံ႐ံုးအတြင္းရွိ လိုက္ကာျဖင့္ကန္႔ထားေသာ အခန္းငယ္အတြင္း လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္စြာ မဲေပးခဲ့ရျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ဟု သူက ဆိုသည္။

“က်ေနာ္ဆုိ မဲေပးခြင့္မရခဲ့ဘူး။ တနလၤာ အဂၤါေတြမွာလည္း အလုပ္တဘက္နဲ႔ မဲသြားေပးႏိုင္မွာ မဟုတ္ေတာ့ဘူး။ ဒါေပမယ့္ က်ေနာ့္ ကိုယ္ေရးအခ်က္အလက္ေတြက သူတို႔မွာ ရွိတယ္ေလ။ အဲဒါကိုျဖည့္ၿပီး ေထာက္ခံမဲ ထည့္လိုက္ရင္ေကာ ဘာတတ္ ႏိုင္မွာလဲ” ဟု PSA အင္ဂ်င္နီယာဌာနမွ ဝန္ထမ္းတဦးက ေျပာျပသည္။

မေလးရွားႏိုင္ငံ ပီနန္ၿမိဳ႕မွ ျမန္မာမ်ားကို ဆႏၵမဲေပးခြင့္ရရန္ ဒီမုိကေရစီအေရး လႈပ္ရွားသူမ်ားက ကားျဖင့္ ကြာလာလမ္ပူ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္သို႔ အသြားအျပန္ ႀကိဳေပးေၾကာင္း ပီနန္ၿမိဳ႕မွ မဲသြားေပးသူ ကုိစည္သူမင္းက ေျပာျပသည္။

“ပီနန္ကေန ကားသံုးစီးထြက္တယ္ တစီးကို လူ ၄၀ ေလာက္ပါပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္ကေတာ့ ကန္႔ကြက္မဲ ထည့္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူငယ္ခ်င္း တခ်ိဳ႕ကေတာ့ အိုဗာတိုင္ ဆင္းေနရလို႔ မလိုက္ႏိုင္ဘူး” ဟု ၎က ေျပာျပသည္။

မေလးရွားတြင္လည္း သံ႐ံုးအတြင္း အခန္းငယ္ကန္႔၍ လွ်ိဳ႕ဝွက္မဲ ေပးခဲ့ရသည္ဟု ၎က ေျပာျပသည္။ ပီနန္ၿမိဳ႕မွ ကြာလာလမ္ပူသို႔ ကားစီးခ်ိန္ ၅ နာရီခန္႔ၾကာျမင့္ၿပီး ၂၇ ရက္ေန႔ နံနက္ ၂ နာရီခန္႔က စတင္ကားထြက္သည္ဟု ဆိုသည္။

ကြာလာလမ္ပူရွိ ျမန္မာသံ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီအေရး လႈပ္ရွားသူတို႔က ကန္႔ကြက္သည့္ ၾကက္ေျခခတ္ အမွတ္အသားပါ စတစ္ကာခ်ပ္ႀကီးမ်ားကို အက်ႌမ်ားတြင္ ကပ္ကာ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ အေျခခံဥပေဒကို ဆန္႔က်င္ ဆႏၵျပသည့္ ေႂကြးေၾကာ္သံမ်ား ေအာ္ဟစ္ၾကရာ ျမန္မာလူထု လိုက္ပါေအာ္ဟစ္ ဆႏၵျပခဲ့ၾကေၾကာင္း ၎ကဆက္ေျပာသည္။

မေလးရွားႏိုင္ငံတြင္ အနည္းဆံုး ျမန္မာ ၅ သိန္းခန္႔ ေနထိုင္လွ်က္ရွိၿပီး ၁၈၀၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္မွာ တရားဝင္ေနထိုင္သူမ်ား ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း တရားဝင္ စာရင္းမ်ားအရ သိရွိရသည္။

ေတာင္ကိုရီးယားႏိုင္ငံ ဆိုးလ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္လည္း တနဂၤေႏြေန႔က ျမန္မာ ၆၀ ခန္႔ ျမန္မာသံ ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ အေျခခံ ဥပေဒကို ကန္႔ကြက္ဆႏၵျပခဲ့ၾကသည္။

အလားတူ ကေနဒါႏိုင္ငံ ေအာ့တာဝါ၌လည္း ယမန္ေန႔က တိုရန္တို ႏွင့္ ေအာ့တာဝါတြင္ ေနထိုင္သည့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသား ၁၀၀ ေက်ာ္တို႔က ၃ နာရီခြဲခန္႔ၾကာေအာင္ စစ္အစိုးရ ေရးဆြဲသည့္ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံဥပေဒကို ကန္႔ကြက္ ဆႏၵျပခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ၎ေဒသတြင္ ေနထိုင္သည့္ ကိုေက်ာ္ေဇာေဝက ေျပာသည္။

ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံ ျမန္မာသံ႐ံုးေရွ႕ ဆႏၵျပသူတဦးအား ဂ်ပန္ရဲမ်ားက ဝင္ေရာက္ ဖမ္းဆီးစဥ္

ဧၿပီ ၂၆ ရက္၊ စေနေန႔က ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံ တိုက်ိဳၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ျမန္မာ ၂၀၀ ေက်ာ္တို႔ ျမန္မာ သံ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ စုစည္း ဆႏၵျပခဲ့ရာ ဂ်ပန္ ရဲမ်ားက ႐ိုက္ႏွက္ ႏွိမ္နင္းသျဖင့္ ၁၃ ဦးဒဏ္ရာ ရရွိကာ တဦးကိုမူ ဂ်ပန္ရဲမ်ားက ထိန္းသိမ္းခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သတင္းဌာနမ်ားက ေရးသားခဲ့သည္။

ဂ်ပန္သတင္းေအဂ်င္စီ ဂ်ပန္တိုင္းမ္စ္တြင္ ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံေရာက္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသား မ်ားသည္ တိုက်ိဳၿမိဳ႕ ဂ်ပန္သံ႐ံုးေရွ႕တြင္ စီတန္း၍ ဒီမုိကေရစီ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္၏ ဓာတ္ပံုကိုကိုင္ကာ “မဲေပးၾကစို႔၊ အေျခခံဥပေဒ အလိုမရွိ၊ စစ္အစိုးရ အလိုမရွိ” ဟု ေႂကြးေၾကာ္ၾကေၾကာင္း ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။

Overseas Burmese Protest Constitution

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Thousands of exiled and expatriate Burmese people have been gathering outside Burmese embassies around the world to express dissatisfaction with the military government’s constitutional referendum.

Voting has already begun in some countries ahead of the May 10 referendum. While some were allowed into their respective embassies to cast their votes, others were turned away by officials.

Burmese pro-democracy activists participate in a protest in front of the Burmese embassy in Seoul April 27. (Photo: Reuters)

The protests were mostly launched by Burmese nationals—both those who can vote and those with no voting rights in the referendum—at their respective embassies in several countries, including Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea and Thailand.

The biggest demonstration was held in Singapore on Sunday where some 2,500 protesters—many wearing red t-shirts with the word “No” emblazoned on the front—gathered outside the Burmese embassy and protested against the draft constitution.

Sources in Singapore said that even some Burmese people who were invited to vote in the national referendum by the embassy were denied the right by authorities when they went into the embassy to vote.

Burmese nationals hold up their passports as a sign that they have the right to vote, gathered outside their country's embassy in Singapore to vote in a referendum on a draft constitution on April 27. (Photo: AP)

More than 40,000 Burmese people are currently living in Singapore, about 10,000 of who were officially invited by authorities to vote in the referendum, said sources.

The Burmese regime has stipulated that only citizens with legitimate documents, such as Burmese passports, can vote overseas, a ruling that excludes most political exiles and refugees.

Meanwhile, some 230 Burmese expatriates living in Japan staged a mock referendum on Sunday outside the Burmese embassy in Tokyo, criticizing the draft constitution as a ploy to keep the ruling junta in power.

The Burmese embassy had mailed letters earlier this month to more than 2,000 of its citizens in Japan, inviting them to vote on the proposed constitution in a two-day advance poll held over the weekend at the embassy, Japanese police and the foreign ministry said. However, fewer than 100 people had voted at the embassy as of Sunday afternoon, according to a count by the protesters.

About 100 Burmese citizens in Malaysia, including political activists, migrant workers and people from ethnic minorities, gathered in front of the Burmese embassy on Saturday wearing colorful traditional costumes displaying the word “No” and demanding the right to vote.

An estimated 500,000 Burmese people are living in Malaysia, about 180,000 of who possess legal documents. No official count for voters was available from the embassy.

About 100 protesters, including activists, migrant workers, students and ethnic minority people, gathered outside the Burmese embassy in Bangkok for about 30 minutes on Sunday.

The demonstrators, organized by the Joint Action Committee for Democracy in Burma, chanted slogans against the May 10 referendum. A statement from the umbrella committee for the dozen dissident organizations said the constitution was drawn up solely by pro-junta groups and would give the military great powers in any future government.

An estimated 360,000 registered Burmese migrants and 1.2 million unregistered migrants in Thailand were denied their voting rights.

Meanwhile, about 60 Burmese people in Seoul, the South Korean capital, gathered outside the Burmese embassy on Sunday to protest against the junta-written draft constitution, many wearing white shirts bearing the words “Vote No” and the logo of a cross. According to Yan Naing Htun, a Seoul-based Burmese activist, the protesters set up two artificial ballot boxes and urged people to vote “No” in the referendum.

In the United States, sources estimated that up to 100 people participated in the referendum in New York. It is estimated that the New York's Permanent Mission of Burma has some 500 registered voters.

The Burmese embassy in Washington, D.C.

Dr Lone Swe wrote an essay about "No Vote"

Dear all readers;
We glad to present you an essay of Dr Lone Swe about referendum .He tried to point out about different between "No Vote" and "Vote No" .He showed his idea in his essay very openly.He criticized on some NLD CEC's action of inside.We choose his essay because of concern with "No Vote".We believed , he can present his idea about "No Vote" in his essay very well. He could try to present about his ideas in his essay why he disagreed on referendum.But we still open another or different ideas on this title.
We still inviting your ideas concerning with" no vote "and "vote no".Please send your idea to our blog as possible as quickly.We are hoping a lot your ideas or presentation about its because it is very important time for our country.

Thai Rice prize up is effective on Burma rice market

Thai rice prizes was up last a few months ago. All kinds of rice prizes raise to nearly twice for retail seal. For example ,middle class of rice 40 kilo packed prize was up 770 Baht to 1000 for hole sale .But for retail sale one kilo of rice prize up 25 to 40 Baht. It became to effective on migrants workers from Burma. They are stand on very low amount of daily income and rice is their main food. They can’t effort for that height price.
So that , they try to find cheaper way . Same quality of Burma rice is cheaper than the Thai rice .For 40 kilo packed of Burmese rice is only 750 Baht for whole sale. That why, Burmese rice started flow to Thailand from border trade way. Each and every where ,most of retail shops in border area they sell only Burma rice because it is cheap. It might be a big problem for Burma rice market. Next planning time will be start at coming raining season of July. Burmese farmer already sale their products .They are not ready for another market demand. Now, most of rice products are in the hand of hole seller merchants in Burma. We can say that they must sell their own rice who gives height prize. Border trade can give height prize than the local trade. That why, the prize of rice became up in Burma.
We’d like to compare different between Thai basic citizens and Burma citizens. The basic income of normal Thai citizen is 3500Baht (nearly 135000Kyats) and for basic income of Burmese citizen is around the 30000Kyats (some are lower than that amount).Rice prize up is bring some difficulties for Thai people but it is bring starvation for Burmese people. They are already suffering economic crisis before this .We hard some news about SPDC action .They blocked to bring rice to border area and also they started collect big amount of rice for their community . But we need to consider it will be really effective? Because they couldn’t control the illegal border trade since many years ago.

We just can pray for that poor people of Burma under control of the SPDC dictatorship. Coming Burma’s New Year may bring some thing batter change for Burma.
D-Wave

ျပည္ပဆန္တင္ပို႔သူမ်ားက ေစ်းႀကီးေပး၀ယ္ေနသျဖင့္ ျပည္တြင္း၌ ဆန္ေစ်းမ်ားဆက္တိုက္တက္
NEJ/ ၁၁ ဧၿပီ ၂၀၀၈(http://www.khitpyaing.org/)

ျပည္ပတင္ပို႔မည့္သူမ်ား ေစ်းႀကီးေပး ၀ယ္ယူေနသည့္အတြက္ (၂၅) မွတ္ ဆန္အျပင္ အျခား ဆန္အမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ားလည္း ေစ်းလိုက္ တက္ေနေၾကာင္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဆန္ကုန္သည္ႀကီးမ်ား အသင္းမွ ကုန္သည္ႀကီးတဦးက ေျပာသည္။
၎က “ ခုရက္ပိုင္း ဆန္ ႏိုင္ငံျခား တင္ခြင့္ရထားတဲ့ ကုမၸဏီေတြ သိမ္းက်ဳံး၀ယ္ေနလို႔ မိုးဇီယာ ဆန္ေတြ တပတ္ေက်ာ္အတြင္း တအိတ္ က်ပ္ (၂,၀၀၀) နီးပါး တက္သြားတယ္။ တေန႔ကို က်ပ္ (၂၀၀-၃၀၀- ၅၀၀) တက္ေနရင္းနဲ႔ ၿပီးခဲဲ့တဲ့ (၁၀) ရက္ေက်ာ္က တအိတ္ က်ပ္ (၁၅,၀၀၀) ေလာက္ ရွိေနရာကေန အခုဆို တအိတ္ က်ပ္ (၁၇,၀၀၀) အထိ ေရာက္ေနတယ္” ဟု ေျပာသည္။
ဘုရင့္ေနာင္ ပဲြ႐ံုတန္းမွ ဆန္ကုန္သည္တဦးကလည္း ယခင္က (၂၅) မွတ္ အဆင့္အတန္း အိပ္စ္ပို႔ဆန္ တတန္လွ်င္ ေဒၚလာ (၃၀၀) ေအာက္သာ ရေသာ္လည္း ယခုေနာက္ပိုင္း ကမၻာ့ဆန္ေစ်းတက္လာ၍ ေဒၚလာ (၄၀၀) ေက်ာ္ ရလာေၾကာင္း၊ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ဆန္တအိတ္ကို ျမန္မာေငြ က်ပ္ (၂၀,၀၀၀) ေက်ာ္ ေစ်းႏႈန္းရွိေနေၾကာင္း၊ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားက ေစ်းကြက္ထဲ၌ ဆန္တအိတ္ က်ပ္ (၁၃,၅၀၀) မွ (၁၄,၀၀၀) က်ပ္အထိ ေပး၀ယ္ၿပီး ႏိုင္ငံျခား တင္ပို႔ရန္ ႀကိဳးစားေနၾကေၾကာင္း ေျပာသည္။
နအဖစစ္အစိုးရက ဆန္ပိုလွ်ံ ေဒသမ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ဧရာ၀တီတိုင္း၊ ပဲခူးတိုင္းႏွင့္ စစ္ကိုင္းတိုင္းတုိ႔မွ ဆန္တန္ခ်ိန္ (၄) သိန္းကို ၿပီးခဲ့သည့္ ဒီဇင္ဘာ (၂၆) ရက္မွစ၍ ၎တို႔ႏွင့္ နီးစပ္သည့္ ကုမၸဏီ (၂၄) ခုကို ျပည္ပတင္ပို႔ခြင့္ ပါမစ္မ်ား ထုတ္ေပးခဲ့ေၾကာင္း အဆိုပါ ဆန္ကုန္သည္က ေျပာသည္။
ထိုအခ်ိန္၌ ကမၻာ့ဆန္ေစ်းကြက္တြင္ ဗီယက္နမ္ (၂၅) မွတ္ဆန္ တတန္ ေဒၚလာ (၅၀၀) ခန္႔ ရွိေသာ္လည္း ျမန္မာဆန္က ေဒၚလာ (၃၀၀) ေအာက္သာ ရရွိျခင္း၊ ေငြလဲႊစနစ္ အဆင္မေျပျခင္း၊ ျပည္တြင္း၌ ေဒၚလာေငြ တန္ဖိုး က်ဆင္းေနျခင္း စသည့္အခ်က္မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ၿပီးခဲ့သည့္ မတ္လ (၄) ရက္ထိ ဆန္တန္ခ်ိန္ (၁) သိန္းခဲြခန္႔သာ တင္ပို႔ေရာင္းခ်ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ၎က ဆက္လက္ ရွင္းျပသည္။
ဧၿပီလဆန္းပိုင္းတြင္မူ ကမၻာ့ဆန္ေစ်းကြက္၌ ဆန္တင္ပို႔သည့္ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားက တင္ပို႔မႈ ေလ်ာ့ခ်လာ ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဆန္ေစ်း ျပန္လည္ျမင့္တက္လာသည့္အတြက္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွ ဆန္တင္ပို႔ခြင့္ ပါမစ္ ရထားသည့္ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားက ယခုကဲ့သုိ႔ အလုအယက္ ၀ယ္ယူတင္ပို႔ လာၾကျခင္းျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။
ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕မွ စီးပြားေရး ပညာရွင္တဦးက “ဆန္ေစ်းေတြ ေစ်းထိုးတက္မွာ၊ ဆန္ျပတ္လတ္မွာ သိပ္မစိုးရိမ္ရဘူး။ စစ္အစိုးရက ဆန္စပါးကိစၥကို အေရးႀကီးကိစၥလို႔ သတ္မွတ္ထားၿပီး အၿမဲမျပတ္ ေစာင့္ၾကည့္ေနတာ၊ ဆန္ေစ်းတက္မယ္၊ ဆန္ျပတ္လတ္မယ္လို႔ ယူဆတာနဲ႔ ဆန္တင္ပို႔မႈကို ခ်က္ခ်င္းပိတ္ပစ္မွာ” ဟု ေျပာသည္။
ယခုေလာေလာဆယ္တြင္ ဆန္ေစ်းမ်ားမွာ ယခင္လကထက္ (၂၄) ျပည္ပါ ဆန္တအိတ္ကို (၁,၅၀၀) က်ပ္မွ (၂,၀၀၀) က်ပ္ခန္႔အထိ ျမင့္တက္ေနၿပီး လက္လီတျပည္ခ်င္းေစ်းမွာ(၅၀) က်ပ္မွ (၁၀၀) က်ပ္ခန္႔အထိ ျမင့္တက္ေနသည္။
ယေန႔ဆန္ေစ်းႏႈန္း

ေတာင္ပ်ံ (၁) အိတ္ ယခင္ ၂၀,၀၀၀ က်ပ္ ယခု ၂၂,၀၀၀ က်ပ္
ဖ်ာပံုရွယ္ (၁)အိတ ္ ယခင္ ၂၄,၅၀၀ က်ပ္ ယခု၂၆,၀၀၀ က်ပ္
ဖ်ာပံုထူးထူးရွယ္ (၁)အိတ္ ယခင္ ၂၆,၀၀၀ က်ပ္ ယခု၂၇,၀၀၀ က်ပ္
ေပၚဆန္းေမြး (၁) အိတ္ ယခင္ ၂၂,၀၀၀ က်ပ္ ယခု၂၃,၀၀၀ က်ပ္
ဇီယာ (၁) အိတ္ ယခင္ ၁၅,၅၀၀ က်ပ္ ယခု၁၇,၀၀၀ က်ပ္
ငစိန္ (၁) အိတ္ ယခင္ ၁၃,၀၀၀ က်ပ္ ယခု၁၃,၅၀၀ က်ပ္

Memory of Luhtu Daw Ah Mar

ျပည္သူခ်စ္ေသာ စာေရးဆရာ လူထုေဒၚအမာ၏ စ်ာပန ေအးခ်မ္းစြာၿပီးဆုံး



ၿပီးခဲ့သည့္ တနလၤာေန႔၌ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ သတင္းစာဆရာ၊ စာေရးဆရာမႀကီး လူထုေဒၚအမာ အသက္ (၉၃) ႏွစ္၏ စ်ာပနကို ယေန႔နံနက္တြင္ မႏၲေလးၿမိဳ႕၌ က်င္းပၿပီး ၎၏ ႐ုပ္ကလာပ္ကို ၾကာနီကန္သုႆာန္၌ မီးသၿဂႋဳဟ္လိုက္ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။
လူထုေဒၚအမာ၏ စ်ာပနသို႔ ေမာင္သာႏိုး၊ ေမာင္မိုးသူ၊ ေမာင္၀ံသ၊ ၾကည္ေအာင္၊ ထက္ျမက္၊ သန္းျမင့္ေအာင္ စသည့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအႏွံ႔အျပားမွ စာေပအႏုပညာရွင္မ်ား လာေရာက္ၾကၿပီး ၿမိဳ႕ခံလူထုကလည္း ေသာင္းေသာင္းျဖျဖ လုိက္ပါပို႔ေဆာင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္ဟု စ်ာပနသို႔ သြားေရာက္ သူတုိ႔က ေျပာသည္။
စာေရးဆရာ ေမာင္မိုးသူက “အားလံုး ေအးေအးခ်မ္းခ်မ္း အဆင္ေျပေျပ ၿပီးဆံုးသြားပါတယ္။ အေမ့ကို ေနာက္ဆံုး လြမ္းတဲ့အေနနဲ႔ ျပည္သူခ်စ္တဲ့ စာေရးဆရာႀကီးကို မႏၲေလးတင္မကဘူး တျပည္လံုးမွာရွိတဲ့ စာေပအႏုပညာနယ္ပယ္က လူေတြအေနနဲ႔ ထိုက္ထိုက္တန္တန္ စည္စည္ ကားကားႀကီး ပို႔လိုက္ရပါတယ္” ဟု ေျပာသည္။
လူထုေဒၚအမာသည္ ၿမိဳ႕မ်က္ႏွာဖံုး မိခင္ႀကီးတဦးျဖစ္ၿပီး အမွန္တရားဘက္မွ အၿမဲတမ္းရပ္တည္ သြားသည့္ ပုဂၢိဳလ္ႀကီးျဖစ္သည့္အတြက္ ၿမိဳ႕ခံလူထုက ႐ုပ္အေလာင္းသယ္ေဆာင္သြားရာ လမ္း တေလွ်ာက္ လမ္းေဘး၀ဲယာမွ ထြက္၍ ဂါရ၀ျပဳၾကသည္ဟု မႏၲေလးၿမိဳ႕ခံတဦးက ေျပာသည္။
ကဗ်ာဆရာ ကိုေလး (အင္း၀) ကလည္း “သိပ္စည္တယ္ဗ်ာ၊ ခန္႔မွန္းေခ် ေသာင္းဂဏန္းမကဘူး။ ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားတယ္ဗ်ာ။ ၾကာနီကန္ထဲမွာဆို လူေတြအျပည့္ပဲ။ ေဒၚေဒၚကေတာ့ မီးသၿဂႋဳဟ္ စက္ထဲေရာက္ေနၿပီ။ ေခါင္းတိုင္ထဲက မီးခိုးေလးေတြ ေပ်ာက္ခနဲ ေပ်ာက္ခနဲ မည္းခနဲ မည္းခနဲ ထြက္လာၿပီဗ်ာ။ အဲဒါကို ဦးေလး (လူထုဦးလွ) ဆံုးတုန္းကေတာ့ ကဗ်ာေလးတပုဒ္ ေရးတာေပါ့ဗ်ာ။ မီးသၿဂႋဳဟ္စက္ မည္းနက္မီးခိုး မိုးထဲလြင့္ပ်ံ ျပန္မလာေတာ့ဘူးေပါ့ေနာ္၊ ခုလည္း ဒါပဲ ေရးရ မွာပဲဗ်ာ” ေျပာသည္။
စ်ာပနကို အာဏာပိုင္မ်ားက ေစာင့္ၾကည့္မႈမ်ား ရွိေသာ္လည္း အေႏွာင့္အယွက္ တစံုတရာ ေပး ျခင္းမရွိေၾကာင္း၊ စ်ာပနတြင္ အမ်ဳိးသားဒီမိုကေရစီအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္တို႔၏ အမည္မ်ားျဖင့္ လြမ္းသူ႔ပန္းျခင္းမ်ားေတြ႕ရေၾကာင္း စ်ာပနသို႔ သြားေရာက္သူတို႔က ေျပာသည္။
လူထုေဒၚအမာသည္ ကိုလိုနီေခတ္ကတည္းက တကၠသုိလ္ေက်ာင္းသူဘ၀ျဖင့္ တုိင္းျပည္ႏွင့္ လူမ်ဳိးလြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးအတြက္ ရဲရဲ၀့ံ၀ံ့တုိက္ပြဲ၀င္ခဲ့သူျဖစ္ၿပီး ဘ၀တေလွ်ာက္လံုး ျပည္သူဘက္မွ အစဥ္ရပ္တည္ကာ လူထုအက်ဳိးျပဳ စာေပမ်ားကို အဆက္မျပတ္ေရးသားခဲ့သည္။ လူထုေဒၚအမာ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း တန္ဖိုးမျဖတ္ႏိုင္သည့္ စာေပအေမြအႏွစ္မ်ားကို ျပည္သူလူထုအတြက္ ခ်န္ရစ္ထားခဲ့သည္။
ကြယ္လြန္သူ လူထုေဒၚအမာတြင္ ရဲေဘာ္ ဖိုးသံေခ်ာင္း၊ ဦးၿငိမ္းခ်မ္း (ညီပုေလး)၊ ေဒါက္တာ သန္းရင္မာႏွင့္ ေဒၚတင္၀င္းတို႔ သားသမီး (၄) ဦး က်န္ရစ္သည္။ ။

Fifty-four Burmese Migrants Die from Suffocation

(Thailand volunteer rescue workers remove the bodies of dead Burmese migrant workers Thursday, April 10, from the back of a seafood van in Ranong, Thailand. (Photo:AP)

Fifty-four Burmese migrants suffocated to death in a container truck on Wednesday in Ranong Province on the west coast of Thailand while they were attempting to enter the country illegally.

The deaths occurred in Suksamran District near Koh Thong, Burma. Among the victims, 37 were women and 17 were men. Sixty-seven migrants survived the ordeal.Twenty-one migrants were hospitalized while the rest were detained for questioning, according to a report from the The Prevention of HIV/AIDs Among Migrant Workers in Thailand Project (PHAMIT) on Thursday.

The truck was enroute to Phang Nga and Phuket in Southern Thailand, two locations where many illegal migrants seek work.

Police blamed the driver of the container truck for failing to turn on the air conditioning in the back of the truck. The surviving workers told police they sneaked into Ranong Province from Koh Thong in a fishing boat on Wednesday night and were then packed into a small container truck for the trip.

The workers told police that after about two hours many of them began falling sick because of poor ventilation in the container. The Burmese knocked loudly to signal the driver, and he eventually stopped the truck and discovered the bodies. He fled from the scene. A local villager alerted police.

Dr Pornpong Jitprathum, the director Suksamran Hospital, said forensic tests attributed the deaths to suffocation.

Pol Maj Gen Apirak Hongthong, the Ranong Provincial police commander, said police interrogated the owner of the truck, who is suspected of being involved in a smugPolice said the driver of the truck, who was identified as Suchon Bunplong, 38, of Ranong is missing.

The truck's owner, who was detained for questioning Thursday, claimed he was unaware the vehicle was being used to transport migrants from Burma, police said. He was not under arrest.

“The bodies were buried on Thursday morning in Hindad Graveyard in Ranong, but some relatives came to identify the bodies and take them back for a funeral,” a staff member of the Ranong Songkraoh Foundation told The Irrawaddy on Thursday.

Television reports showed police lifting bodies out of the truck and images of the cargo-like container empty except for a few pieces of clothing. The dead migrants—many wearing little more than T-shirts, shorts and flip-flops—were seen laid out on the floor at a storage facility of a local charity.

Police did not immediately know what jobs they were heading for, but illegal migrants from Burma generally come to the country to work in the fishing and construction industries or as maids.

Survivors told police that they each paid 10,000 baht (US $314) to be smuggled into Thailand and they sneaked into Ranong province from Burma's Victoria Point by fishing boat on Wednesday night.

Ranong province is about 460 kilometers south of Bangkok just across from Burma's Victoria Point, and is regarding as a major point of trade between the two countries.

About 1 million workers are registered to work in Thailand, and an additional 1 million are estimated to be in the country illegally to work mostly as laborers, joining hundreds of thousands from Cambodia and Laos.

The illegal workers lack legal protection and are often ruthlessly exploited.

The London-based human rights group Amnesty International found in a 2005 report that workers from Burma take jobs that Thais consider too dirty, dangerous or demeaning, "are routinely paid well below the Thai minimum wage, work long hours in unhealthy conditions and are at risk of arbitrary arrest and deportation."

Many also face great risk in reaching Thailand.In December, authorities recovered the bodies of 22 Burmese migrants found floating off the west coast of Thailand in the Andaman Sea. They were believed to be trying to enter Thailand illegally.
The incident was reminiscent of the deaths in 2001 of 58 illegal Chinese migrants in a sweltering tomato truck in Britain, which exposed the murky underworld of people-smuggling gangs profiting from migrants who hope to earn a living in more developed countries.
A group of 19 Latin American migrants died from overheating and suffocation in a tractor-trailer truck in the US state of Texas in 2003.

Statement of Sanana Moli International Burmese Monks Organization ,INC

Sanana Moli International Burmese Monks Organization ,INC announced special issue statement dated at 4-4-2008.
They requested to all monks and people of Burma living all over the world.Start peacefully boycott action at 26Th April of this year.They requested to people of Burma to give NO VOTE to referendum.Also they requested to UN secretary Mr Bankimoon ,go to Burma and negotiate with Military Regime and UN scurity council action to Burma Issue.

We can do campaign in Thinggyan

Dear All Readers;
Every body know that Thinggyan is our traditional water festival and welcome ceremony of Burma’s new year. We play with water for the propose of to clean the dirty things of old year and welcome to new year.Every body play water ,donate foods ,escape animals such as fishes ,cows and birds. Worship to Buddha ,monks and older persons.This is meaningful festival for Burmese people.
We can collect each other and can celebrate many things concern with water festival.So we can clean unacceptable things of our society .
What we mean are that we can do many campaigns in Thinggyan festival by our unity .We can pray for the people of Burma to escape under control of the SPDC.Making donation to monks and we can wish freedom for political prisoners and Burmese people freedom when we make escape animals.At the first day of our new year, Batten on iron metals and iron tanks to make a loud noise song and drive out ghosts ,evils and person from SPDC who are we do not want .
We attached an essay of Min Thwe Khaing the title of “Atta Thinggyan (or) The boycott action of Burmese people”.
We wish you may have better new year.