5.04.2008

Hollywood Actors partispated in Burma"s affair

ျမန္မာ့အေရး ေဟာလီးဝုဒ္ သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္မ်ားပါဝင္လာ
ကိုစိုး | ေမ ၂၊ ၂၀0၈

ျမန္မာ့ဒီမိုကေရစီေခါင္းေဆာင္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရး အပါအဝင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ားအားလုံး စစ္အစိုးရ၏ ဖိႏွိပ္မႈဒဏ္ခံေနရျခင္းအား ကမၻာက ပိုမိုသိရွိႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ အေမရိကန္ ေဟာလီးဝုဒ္ သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္ မ်ားစြာ ပါဝင္သည့္ အခ်ိန္ တလ ၾကာ ျပဳလုပ္မည္ျဖစ္ေသာ ဗီဒီယိုလႈပ္ရွားမႈကို ယမန္ေန႔ က စတင္လိုက္သည္။

အဆိုပါ လႈပ္ရွားမႈကို သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္ ေဝလ္ ဖာေရးလ္ႏွင့္ စတင္လိုက္ၿပီး နာမည္ႀကီး သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္မင္းသား ဆီးလ္ဗက္စတား စေတာလုံး အပါအဝင္ သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္ ဂ်က္နီဖာ အန္နစ္ စတန္၊ အယ္လန္ ေပ့ခ်္၊ ဆာရာ့ စီလ္ဗာမန္၊ အန္ဂ်ယ္လီကာ ဟပ္စတန္၊ ဝူဒီ ဟာရယ္လ္ဆန္၊ ဂ်ဳ အပတ္တိုး စသည့္ ေဟာလီးဝုဒ္ သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္ ၃၀ ခန္႔ ပါဝင္မည့္ ယင္း ဗီဒီယိုလႈပ္ရွားမႈကို အေမရိကန္ ႏိုင္ငံ အေျခစိုက္ ျမန္မာ့အေရးလႈပ္ရွားသူမ်ားအဖြဲ႕(US Campaign for Burma-USCB)က ေဖာ္ေဆာင္လိုက္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။

ယင္းလႈပ္ရွားမႈမွာ ျမန္မာစစ္အစိုးရ၏ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈမ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ အဓိက ေဖာ္ျပျခင္းျဖစ္ၿပီး ေဟာလီးဝုဒ္ သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္မ်ား၏ ေျပာၾကားခ်က္ ဗီဒီယုိ ကို အင္တာနက္ စာမ်က္ႏွာတြင္ တင္ထားမည္ျဖစ္ ေၾကာင္း၊ ယခုလႈပ္ရွားမႈတြင္ USCB အဖြဲ႕အား ကမၻာ့ျပည္သူ သန္းႏွင့္ခ်ီ၍ ပါဝင္ဆက္သြယ္ရန္ ရည္႐ြယ္ေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။ (ယင္း အင္တာနက္ စာမ်က္ႏွာကိုၾကည့္ရန္ ဤေနရာတြင္ ႏွိပ္ပါ)

ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္သည္ လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ ၁၈ ႏွစ္ကစတင္၍ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ ဖမ္းဆီးခ်ဳပ္ေႏွာင္မႈမ်ားကို အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ ခံခဲ့ရရာ ယခုေမလ ၂၇ ရက္ဆိုလ်င္ ေနအိမ္အက်ယ္ခ်ဳပ္ျဖင့္ ေနရခ်ိန္ ၁၂ ႏွစ္ရွိၿပီျဖစ္သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ယခု ႏွစ္ပတ္လည္တြင္ စစ္အစိုးရက ေနအိမ္အက်ယ္ခ်ဳပ္ သက္တမ္းထပ္မတိုးရန္လည္း ယင္း ဗီဒီယုိလႈပ္ရွားမႈ၏ ရည္႐ြယ္ခ်က္တြင္ ပါဝင္သည္ဟု ဆုိသည္။

ေဟာလီးဝုဒ္ သ႐ုပ္ေဆာင္ ေဝလ္ ဖာေရးလ္က“ကမၻာႀကီးရဲ႕အေျပာင္းအလဲတခုအျဖစ္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ရဲ႕ ဇြဲသတၲိ ကို ဂုဏ္ျပဳတဲ့အေနနဲ႔၊ သူမကို စာနာ႐ိုင္းပင္းတဲ့အေနနဲ႔ သင္လည္း ဆက္သြယ္ ပါဝင္လိုက္စမ္းပါ၊ သူမဟာ ကမၻာ့ႀကီးရဲ႕စံျပဳဖြယ္ တဦးတည္းေသာ အက်ဥ္းစံ အမ်ိဳးသမီးျဖစ္ပါတယ္”ဟု ေျပာဆိုသည္။

အလားတူ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ႏွင့္ ၈၈ မ်ိဳးဆက္ေက်ာင္းသား ကိုမင္းကိုႏိုင္တို႔ လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးအတြက္ အေမရိကန္ အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္မ်ားျဖစ္သည့္ ဒိုင္လန္ ဖိုင္းစတုိင္း ႏွင့္ ရစ္ခ်တ္ ဒါဘင္တို႔ကလည္း ကုလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမႉးခ်ဳပ္ ဘန္ကီမြန္းႏွင့္ ကုလသမဂၢ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး မဟာမင္းႀကီး လူးဝစ္ အာဘာတို႔သို႔ ဧၿပီ ၃၀ ရက္စြဲျဖင့္ လိပ္မူ၍စာတေစာင္ေပးပို႔ခဲ့သည္။

ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ကို တိုင္းမဂၢဇင္းကလည္း ယခုႏွစ္ ကမၻာ့ ၾသဇာအလႊမ္းဆုံး လူ ၁၀၀ ထဲတြင္ ထည့္သြင္း ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။

The collection News about after Cyclone Nargis Slammed into Burma

240 People Dead; Number of Dead, Injured Expected to Climb

By THE IRRAWADDY AND AGENCIES

Sunday, May 4, 2008

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Burma's junta declared five disaster zones on Sunday—Rangoon, Irrawaddy, Pegu divisions as well as Karen and Mon states—after devastating cyclone Nargis slammed into mainland Burma on Saturday.

Rangoon's Traders Hotel is seen in the background as a vehicle carrying men drives past a damaged billboard in the former capital on May 4, a day after Rangoon was hit by a cyclone. (Photo: Reuters/DVB/Handout)

At least 240 people have died across Burma, authorities said. The number of injured was not available, but it is believed to be high.

"According to the latest information we have, altogether 19 people were were killed in Rangoon Division, and then about 222 people were killed in Irrawaddy Division," an Information Ministry official told Agency France Press.

The number of dead and injured is expected to climb as local officials and media-shy authorities slowly make contact with outlying towns and villages along the coast and in central Burma.

The overseas Burmese community has been searching for information about relatives and loved ones, further clogging Burma’s telecommunication system, which is barely functioning, if at all, in many cities.

Cyclone Nargis—rated a Category 3 storm—ripped through the Irrawaddy delta and Rangoon on Saturday morning, tearing off roofs, uprooting trees and knocking out electricity with wind speeds reaching 190 kilometers per hour (120 mph).

Therje Skavdal, the Bangkok-based regional head of the UN office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), told Reuters: "It's early, and it will take a few days before we get an overview of the damage."

Residents walk past fallen trees on a street in Rangoon, Burma's largest city on Saturday. Tropical Cyclone Nargis ripped through Rangoon early Saturday, tearing off roofs, uprooting trees and knocking out electricity. (Photo: Xinhua)

An estimated 7.03 million people were affected by the storm. In addition, an estimated 1.82 million people who live in coastal areas below 5 meters could have been hard hit by a surge of water up to 12 feet (3.5 meters), according to the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.

Structures have been damaged or collapsed in towns throughout the Irrawaddy delta, where the massive cyclone hit on Friday night having gathered power in the tropical waters of the Bay of Bengal. Three out of four buildings were collapsed in Laputta and Kyaik Lat, state media reported.

Official media said seven vessels sank in the Rangoon harbor.

The Rangoon Airport has been closed. All incoming domestic flights were diverted to Mandalay, the country’s second largest city, in the middle of Burma. Thai Airways in Bangkok said its flights would not resume before Monday.

Meanwhile, the junta formed a national central committee for natural disasters, with Prime Minister Gen Thein Sein as chairman, to coordinate relief and aid efforts.

Some police and army personnel have been deployed throughout the worst hits areas to start the clean-up operation, said AFP.

Military personnel attempt to remove fallen trees from a road in Burma after a cyclone in this television grab May 4. (Photo: Reuters/MRTV)

However, Rangoon residents who are experienced with natural disasters are already complaining bitterly about the slow response from the military government.

"Where are all those uniformed people who are always ready to beat monks and civilians?" one woman asked. "They should come out in full force and help clean up the area and restore electricity."

A 35-year-old resident in Kyaukpadaung Township in Mandalay division asked where are the Union Solidarity and Development Association members.

ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ ဧရာဝတီတိုင္းရွိ ၿမိဳ႕မ်ား မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ ပ်က္စီး
ဧရာဝတီ | ေမ ၃၊ ၂၀၀၈

ယေန႔နံနက္ အေစာပိုင္း တိုက္ခတ္ေသာ မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ ဧရာဝတီတိုင္းရွိၿမိဳ႕မ်ား ထိခိုက္ ပ်က္စီးမႈ ႀကီးမားေၾကာင္း စုံစမ္းသိရွိရသည္။ တိုက္ခတ္ေသာ မုန္တိုင္းမွာ ၁ နာရီ မိုင္ ၁၂၀ ႏႈန္း ရွိသည္။

နာဂစ္မုန္တိုင္း ျမန္မာျပည္သို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္တိုက္ခတ္ေနစဥ္ (Photo: US Navy)

ကုလသမဂၢ သတင္းရပ္ကြက္မ်ား၏ အဆိုအရ နာဂစ္အမည္ရွိ မုန္တိုင္းသည္ ေသာၾကာေန႔ ညလယ္အခ်ိန္တြင္ ျမန္မာျပည္ ကမ္း႐ုိးတမ္းရွိ လပြတၱာၿမိဳ႕သုိ႔ စတင္ဝင္ေရာက္ခဲ့ၿပီး နံနက္ ၅ နာရီခြဲတြင္ အျပင္းထန္ဆုံး အရွိန္အဟုန္ျဖင့္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕သို႔ တိုက္ခတ္ခဲ့သည္။

“မုန္တိုင္းက မေန႔ည ၁၁ နာရီက စတိုက္တယ္၊ ၁ နာရီက စၿပီး ျပင္းျပင္းထန္ထန္တိုက္တာ အျပင္းဆုံးအခ်ိန္ကေတာ့ မနက္ ၅ နာရီ၊ ၆ နာရီ ထင္တာပဲ၊ အိမ္တအိမ္လုံးေရေတြထဲ မွာ၊ မနက္ ၇ နာရီ ေလာက္မွာ သြပ္မိုး လန္သြားတာ၊ တညလုံးလည္း မအိပ္ရဘူး၊ စေလာင္းေတြ အားလုံးလည္း လြင့္၊ ကားေတြက လမ္းမႀကီးေတြမွာ ေတာင္ ေရွာင္သြားေနရတယ္၊ သစ္ပင္ေတြ လည္းက်ိဳး၊ သစ္ပင္ေတြကုန္ၿပီ၊ လူအေသ အေပ်ာက္ကေတာ့ အတိ အက် မသိႏိုင္ေသးဘူး၊ မနက္ ၁၁ နာရီခြဲေလာက္မွာ ေတာ့ေလရပ္သြားတယ္” ဟု ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ ဗိုလ္တေထာင္ၿမိဳ႕ နယ္တြင္ ေနထိုင္သည့္ သတင္းေထာက္ တဦးက ေျပာသည္။

ယခုအခ်ိန္အထိ အေသအေပ်ာက္ စာရင္းအတိအက်ကို မသိရွိရေသးေသာ္လည္း ေအပီ သတင္း တပုဒ္၏ အဆိုအရ ရန္ကုန္ျမစ္ကို ျဖတ္ကူးေသာ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ၃ ဦး ေလျပင္းမုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ ေလွေမွာက္ေသဆုံးသည္ ဟု သိရသည္။

ဆင္ဟြာ သတင္း တပုဒ္က ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕တဝန္း သစ္ပင္ႀကီးမ်ား ၿပိဳလဲမႈေၾကာင့္ လမ္းမ်ား ပိတ္ကုန္ၿပီး လမ္းမ်ားေပၚတြင္ရပ္ ထားေသာ ကားမ်ားစြာမွာလည္း သစ္ပင္မ်ား ပိလ်ွက္ရွိေၾကာင္း၊ လွ်ပ္စစ္မီးႏွင့္ တယ္လီဖုန္း လိုင္းမ်ား ျပတ္ေတာက္ကုန္ ေၾကာင္း၊ မိုဘိုင္း လက္ကိုင္ ဖုန္းမ်ားလည္း ဆက္သြယ္၍မရေတာ့ေၾကာင္း၊ ေၾကာ္ျငာဆိုင္းဘုတ္ မ်ားႏွင့္ ၿဂိဳဟ္တုစေလာင္း မ်ား အားလုံးနီးပါးမွာ ၿပိဳက် ပ်က္စီးကုန္ေၾကာင္း ဆိုသည္။

႐ိုက္တာ သတင္းကလည္း ျမန္မာ့႐ုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားႏွင့္ ရန္ကုန္ စီးတီး အက္ဖ္အမ္ ေရဒီယုိ ထုတ္လႊင့္မႈမ်ား ရပ္ဆိုင္းကုန္ သည္ဟု ဆိုသည္။ ရန္ကုန္ မဂၤလာဒုံေလဆိပ္ကို ယခုအခါ ပိတ္ထားရေၾကာင္းလည္း သိရွိရသည္။

ယင္းမုန္တိုင္း ဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ လွ်ပ္စစ္မီးလိုင္းမ်ားႏွင့္ တယ္လီဖုန္းလိုင္းမ်ားလည္း ျပတ္ေတာက္ကုန္ သည္ဟု အထက္ပါ ရန္ကုန္သတင္းေထာက္ကလည္း ေျပာသည္။

ရန္ကုန္ ကမာ႐ြတ္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ စံရိပ္ၿငိမ္ ရပ္ကြက္တြင္ေနထိုင္သူ တဦးကလည္း ၎တို႔ေနထိုင္ရာ ရပ္ကြက္ တခုလုံး တြင္လည္း မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ ထိခိုက္ ပ်က္စီးမႈမ်ားရွိေၾကာင္း ေျပာဆိုသည္။

“မုန္တိုင္းက ေတာ္ေတာ္ဆိုးတယ္၊ တလမ္းမွ မလြတ္ဘူး၊ မွန္ေတြကြဲတယ္၊ ေခါင္းမိုးေပၚတင္ထားတဲ့ စေလာင္းေတြ လန္ကုန္ၿပီ ေအာက္ကို ျပဳတ္က်ကုန္တယ္၊ ကားေတြေပၚသစ္ပင္ပိတယ္၊ က်ေနာ့္ကားလည္းပိတယ္၊ သြပ္ျပားေတြ အခ်ပ္ လိုက္ လမ္းေတြေပၚေျပးေနတယ္”ဟု စံရိပ္ၿငိမ္တြင္ ေနသူက ေျပာသည္။

မ်က္ျမင္တဦးကလည္း ကမာရြတ္၊ လိႈင္၊ ေျမနီကုန္း ဝန္းက်င္၊ ေရႊုဂုန္တိုင္ ဝန္းက်င္ႏွင့္ တကၠသိုလ္ရိပ္သာလမ္း ဝန္းက်င္တို႔ တြင္ သစ္ပင္မ်ားလဲက်၍ လမ္းမ်ားပိတ္ေနေၾကာင္း ေျပာျပသည္။

ရန္ကုန္ေလွာ္ကား ဘက္တြင္ ယင္းမုန္တိုင္းတိုက္ခတ္မႈေၾကာင့္ သစ္ပင္ႀကီးမ်ားလဲက်ၿပီး အိမ္ၿပိဳက်မႈမ်ားရွိသည္ဟု ေလွာ္ကားတြင္ ေနသူတဦးကလည္း ေျပာသည္။

“အိမ္အျပင္ေတာင္ထြက္လို႔ မရဘူး၊ လမ္းမွာ သစ္ပင္ႀကီးေတြပိတ္ေနတယ္၊ အိမ္အမိုးေတြလန္တယ္၊ တခ်ိဳ႕ အိမ္ၿပိဳတယ္”ဟု ၎က ေျပာျပသည္။

“ေ၀ဠဳဝန္တိုက္ခန္းေတြမွာ ေလးခန္းတြဲ၊ သံုးထပ္တိုက္ ဆယ့္ရွစ္လံုးရွိတာ အမိုးေတြအားလံုး လန္သြားတယ္။ ဟံသာ၀တီ ကားပြဲစားတန္းဘက္မွာ ကုန္းေက်ာ္လိုက္တာနဲ႔ ကၽြန္းေတာလမ္းေလာက္အထိ အပင္ႀကီးေတြ လဲေနတယ္။ မီးရထားလမ္း ေတြမွာလည္း သစ္ပင္ေတြက်ိဳးၿပီးပိတ္ေနတယ္ … သြားလို႔မရဘူး၊ မီးရထားေတြ မထြက္ဘူး” ဟု စမ္းေခ်ာင္းၿမိဳ႕နယ္ရွိ ေဒသခံက ေျပာသည္။

ယေန႔ ေန႔လယ္ပိုင္းကစ၍ စမ္းေခ်ာင္းၿမိဳ႕နယ္ရွိ အေျခခံပညာအထက္တန္းေက်ာင္း အမွတ္ (၁)၊ အေျခခံပညာ မူလတန္း ေက်ာင္း အမွတ္ (၁၂) ႏွင့္ မူးယစ္ေဆး၀ါးျပတိုက္တို႔တြင္ ေလေဘးဒုကၡသည္ ကယ္ဆယ္ေရးစခန္း ဖြင့္လွစ္ထားသည္ ဟုလည္း အဆိုပါေဒသခံက ဆိုသည္။

ယင္းမုန္တိုင္းသည္ ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္ ေတာင္ပိုင္း သံတြဲ၊ ေတာင္ကုတ္၊ ဂြ တို႔ကိုလည္း ညဦးပိုင္းတြင္ ျဖတ္သြားၿပီး အထိအခိုက္ ရွိေၾကာင္း ေဒသခံတဦးက ေျပာသည္

နာဂစ္ မုန္တိုင္းသည္ ဧရာဝတီ တိုင္းရွိ ပုသိမ္၊ ေျမာင္းျမ၊ လပြတၱာ၊ ေမာ္လၿမိဳင္ကြ်န္း၊ က်ံဳမေငး၊ ဘုိကေလး၊ ေခ်ာင္းသာ၊ ေငြေဆာင္၊ သာယာဝတီ၊ ဂြ ၿမိဳ႕တို႔ကိုလည္း ဝင္ေရာက္ တိုက္ခတ္ရာ အပ်က္အစီး မ်ားေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။ အေသးစိတ္ ကုိမူ ဆက္လက္ စုံစမ္းေနဆဲျဖစ္သည္။

မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ လူ ၂၄၀ ေက်ာ္ေသဆုံး
ဧရာဝတီ | ေမ ၄ ၊ ၂၀၀၈

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ အေနာက္ဘက္ကမ္း႐ုိးတန္း ဧရာဝတီ ျမစ္ဝကြ်န္းေပၚေဒသႏွင့္ ရန္ကုန္တိုင္းတို႔တြင္ နာဂစ္ ဆိုင္ကလုန္း မုန္တိုင္း တိုက္ခတ္ၿပီးေနာက္ စစ္အစိုးရက ျပည္နယ္ႏွင့္တိုင္း ၅ ခုကို မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္အခံရဆုံး ေဒသမ်ားအျဖစ္ ေၾကညာခဲ့ရၿပီး ယင္းမုန္တိုင္းေၾကာင့္ လူ ၂၄၀ ေက်ာ္ ေသဆုံးေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

မုန္တိုင္း ဒဏ္သင့္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕လယ္ျမင္ကြင္း (Photo: Reuters/DVB/Handout)

ေနာက္ဆုံးရရွိေသာ သတင္းမ်ားအရ ရန္ကုန္တြင္ လူ ၁၉ ေယာက္ ေသဆုံးၿပီး ဧရာဝတီတိုင္းတြင္ လူ ၂၂၂ ေယာက္ေသဆုံးေၾကာင္း အမည္ မေဖာ္လိုသူ ျပန္ၾကားေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန အရာရွိ တဦးက ေျပာၾကားသည္ကို ေအအက္ဖ္ပီ သတင္းတပုဒ္တြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။

ထိခိုက္အနာတရ ရရွိသူစာရင္းကိုမူ အတိအက်မသိရွိရေသးေသာ္လည္း မ်ားျပားႏိုင္သည္ဟု ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ရသည္။

မုန္တိုင္းေၾကာင့္ အပ်က္အစီးမ်ားစြာရွိခဲ့ေသာ ရန္ကုန္တိုင္း၊ ဧရာဝတီတိုင္း ၊ ပဲခူးတိုင္း၊ ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ႏွင့္ မြန္ျပည္နယ္တို႔ကို မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္အခံရဆုံး ေဒသမ်ားအျဖစ္ အာဏာပိုင္မ်ားက ႐ုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားမွ ယမန္ေန႔က ေၾကညာခဲ့သည္။

စေနေန႔နံနက္ အေစာပိုင္း တိုက္ခတ္ေသာ ယင္းမုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ ဧရာဝတီတိုင္းရွိၿမိဳ႕မ်ား ထိခိုက္ ပ်က္စီးမႈႀကီးမားေၾကာင္း စုံစမ္းသိရွိရသည္။ တိုက္ခတ္ေသာ မုန္တိုင္းမွာ ၁ နာရီ မိုင္၁၂၀ ႏႈန္း ရွိသည္။

ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕အေျခစိုက္ ကုလသမဂၢ လူသားခ်င္းစာနာမႈေရးရာ ပူးေပါင္းေဆာင္႐ြက္ေရး ေဒသ ဆိုင္ရာအႀကီးအကဲ ထာဂ်ီ စကက္ ဒဲလ္က“ပ်က္စီးဆုံး႐ႈံးရမႈအားလုံး က်ေနာ္တို႔ သိရဖို႔အတြက္ ရက္အနည္း ငယ္ၾကာလိမ့္ဦးမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္”ဟု ဆိုသည္။

ကမၻာ့ မုန္တိုင္း သတိေပးခ်က္ နည္းစနစ္ ဝက္ဘ္ဆိုက္၏ တြက္ခ်က္မႈအရ လူေပါင္း ၇.၀၃ သန္း မုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ ခံရႏိုင္ဖြယ္ ရွိေၾကာင္း၊ ထုိ႔အျပင္ ျမန္မာ့ကမ္း႐ုိးတန္းတြင္ ေနထိုင္ေသာ လူဦးေရ ၁.၈၂ သန္းသည္ လည္း မုန္တိုင္းေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေသာ လိႈင္းႀကီးမႈဒဏ္ကို ခံရႏိုင္ဖြယ္ရွိေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

သစ္ပင္ႀကီးမ်ား ေလျပင္းဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ အျမစ္မွ ကြ်တ္ထြက္ လဲၿပိဳကုန္ၾက (Photo: Xinhua)

ျမန္မာစစ္အစိုးရ၏ တရားဝင္ ေၾကညာခ်က္အရ ဧရာဝတီတိုင္းရွိ လပြတၱာႏွင့္ က်ိဳက္လတ္ၿမိဳ႕မ်ားသည္ ၄ ပုံ ၃ ပုံ ခန္႔ ပ်က္စီးသြားေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

ရန္ကုန္မဂၤလာဒုံေလဆိပ္ကိုလည္း ဆက္လက္ပိတ္ထားဆဲျဖစ္သည္။

ျပည္ပေရာက္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသားမ်ား အေနျဖင့္ တယ္လီဖုန္း ဆက္သြယ္ေရး လိုင္းမ်ားလုံးဝနီးပါး ျပတ္ေတာက္ေန ေသာေၾကာင့္ ရန္ကုန္အပါအဝင္ မုန္တိုင္း ဒဏ္သင့္ေဒသမ်ားရွိ ၎တို႔၏ မိသားစုဝင္မ်ားအား အလြန္အမင္း စိတ္ပူပန္ေနရေၾကာင္းလည္း သိရသည္။

ျမန္မာအစိုးရ အေနျဖင့္ မုန္တိုင္း ဒဏ္သင့္ ဒုကၡသည္မ်ားအား ကူညီကယ္ဆယ္ေရး လုပ္ငန္မ်ား လုပ္ေဆာင္ ႏိုင္ရန္ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး သိန္းစိန္ ဦးေဆာင္ေသာ ေကာ္မတီတခုကို ဖြဲ႕စည္းခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ျမန္မာ့အသံမွ ေၾကညာသြားသည္။

ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕လမ္းမမ်ားအား ပိတ္ဆို႔ေနေသာ ၿပိဳလဲက်ေနသည့္ သစ္ပင္ႀကီးမ်ားကို ရွင္းလင္းရန္ စစ္တပ္ႏွင့္ ရဲတပ္ ဖြဲ႕မ်ား စတင္ထားရွိသည္ကုိ ေတြ႕ျမင္ရေသာ္လည္း ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ခံမ်ားကမူ စစ္အစိုးရ၏ ကယ္ဆယ္ကူညီေရးမွာ ေႏွာင့္ေႏွးၾကန္႔ၾကာေနေၾကာင္း ေဝဖန္ၾကသည္။

စစ္တပ္ႏွင့္ ရဲတပ္ဖြဲ႕မ်ား ရွင္းလင္းေရး စတင္ေနေသာ္လည္း ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ခံမ်ားက အင္မတန္ ေႏွးေကြးေၾကာင္း ေဝဖန္ေနၾကသည္ (Photo: Reuters/MRTV)

“အက်ႌအျပာမွာ ရဲ တံဆိပ္ေတြနဲ႔ ေတြ႕တယ္၊ စြမ္းအားရွင္လို႔ေျပာတာပဲ၊ လမ္းေပၚမွာ ေဟးလားဝါးလားနဲ႔၊ အမႈိက္ ရွင္းမလိုလို လုပ္ေနၾကတယ္၊ အဲဒါေတြကို ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္က လုပ္ေပးရမွာ၊ ဘာမွလည္း မလုပ္ေပးဘူး၊ မသိသလို ေနေနၾကတယ္၊ မေန႔က ရဲ ေတြ သြားတာ လိုက္ၾကည့္ေတာ့၊ လႊတ္ေတာ္ေရွ႕က သစ္ပင္ေတြကို သြားရွင္းတာ၊ သူတို႔ လက္ထဲမွာ သစ္ပင္ခုတ္ဖို႔ ဓားမပါဘူး၊ ဒိုင္းေတြ တုတ္ေတြ ေသနတ္ေတြပဲပါတယ္၊ သစ္ကိုင္းေတြကို လက္နဲ႔ခ်ိဳးတယ္”ဟု ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ခံတဦးက ေျပာျပသည္။

ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕အတြင္း လ်ွပ္စစ္မီးႏွင့္ ေသာက္သုံးေရ ယခုအခ်ိန္အထိ ျပတ္လပ္ေနဆဲျဖစ္ၿပီး လမ္းပန္းဆက္သြယ္ ေရးမ်ားလည္း ျပတ္ေတာက္ေနဆဲျဖစ္သည္။

ယေန႔တြင္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ရွိလူမ်ားမွာ ပ်က္စီးသြားေသာ အိမ္ရာမ်ားကို ျပဳျပင္ရန္ ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရးပစၥည္းမ်ား ဝယ္ယူ ေနၾကေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။ ဓာတ္ဆီေစ်းမွာလည္း တရွိန္ထိုး တက္သြားၿပီး တဂါလန္ ၇၅၀၀ က်ပ္ ေပါက္ေစ်း ရွိေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။

ယခု မုန္တိုင္း ဒဏ္ေၾကာင့္ လာမည့္ စေနေန႔တြင္ က်င္းပမည့္ အေျခခံဥပေဒ အတည္ျပဳ ဆႏၵခံယူပြဲကုိ ေ႐ႊ႕ဆိုင္း ႏိုင္ဖြယ္ရွိေၾကာင္း ရန္ကုန္ စာနယ္ဇင္းအသိုင္းအဝန္းက သုံးသပ္ေနၾကသည္။

အျပည္ျပည္ဆိုင္ရာ လူသားခ်င္းစာနာေထာက္ပံ့ေရး ေအဂ်င္စီမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ အကူအညီမ်ား ေပးရန္ အဆင္သင့္ ရွိေနသည္ဟု ထုတ္ျပန္ေၾကညာထားေသာ္လည္း ျမန္မာစစ္အစိုးရ က အကူအညီေတာင္းခံမႈ မျပဳလုပ္ေသးေခ်။

5.01.2008

UNLD Calls for Referendum Boycott

Thursday, May 1, 2008

While many political campaigners in Burma are calling for a “No” vote in the forthcoming referendum, the United Nationalities League for Democracy (UNLD) is calling for a complete boycott of the polls on May 10.

A hawker sells copies of countries new constitution at an intersection in Burma's biggest city Rangoon. (Photo: AFP)

Leaders of the UNLD, a Rangoon-based umbrella organization of political parties representing ethnic minority peoples, said that casting a vote in the constitutional referendum is a form of following the regime's orders and supporting their "Seven-step road map" to democracy.

Speaking with The Irrawaddy on Thursday, Thawng Kho Thang, a senior member of the UNLD and the Committee Representing People’s Parliament (CRPP), said: “As we never supported the ‘Seven-step road map,’ why should we go and vote? If we cast a vote, it means we support Step Four of the road map. So, we won’t go and cast a vote in the referendum.”

The national referendum is the fourth step on the junta’s so-called “Seven-step road map” toward democracy in Burma. The junta has also announced the fifth step of the road map—multi-party elections in 2010.

Thawng Kho Thang said that no leader or member of the UNLD will cast a vote in the national referendum. The group called for a boycott of the referendum on May 10 and urged Burmese citizens to join the boycott.

Senior leaders of the UNLD also include: Aye Tha Aung, the chairman of the Arakan League for Democracy and the secretary of the CRPP; Thar Ban of the Arakan League for Democracy; and veteran politician Aung Tin Oo.

Thawng Kho Thang said that even if a majority of Burmese citizens vote “No” in the referendum, the junta will try to legitimize the draft constitution somehow.

The UNLD leader also said that the military regime was holding the national referendum too early after releasing the draft of the constitution, which gave voters insufficient time to read the 194-page document. He said many citizens were unclear about the new constitution and didn’t know whether to support it or oppose it.

"The junta should allow another two years for people to study the constitution,” he added. “If possible, they should translate the draft constitution into ethnic languages, because some ethnic minority people can’t read Burmese."

Thawng Kho Thang predicted that the majority of Burmese citizens would vote “Yes” in the referendum out of fear of repercussions from the security forces.

He also criticized the National League for Democracy, saying that the opposition party did not launch its “Vote No” campaign widely enough in Burma nor seek to educate people about the junta's constitution.

UNLD senior member Aye Thar Aung also confirmed that he would not participate in the May 10 referendum. He said that to solve the conflict in Burma, the military regime should create a genuine dialogue with the opposition parties—not hold a constitutional referendum.

The UNLD leaders condemned the draft constitution as a one-sided document written by the military generals alone, which lacked the suggestions of the 1990 elected members of the CRPP.

Meanwhile, Rangoon-based veteran politician Amyotheryei Win Naing suggested that Burmese citizens should seriously consider casting a vote on May 10 based on two points.

He said that if 32 million people are eligible to vote in the referendum, then a turnout of 16 million plus one person would legitimize the referendum.

If half of the participants, 8 million plus one person, vote “Yes,” the draft constitution would be legitimized, he said.

“If people don’t vote, the junta cannot legitimize the draft constitution,” Amyotheryei Win Naing said in a letter received by The Irrawaddy on Thursday.

4.30.2008

The Little Conspirator (Translation in Burmese)

jrefrmbmomjyefxkwfa0ol. trSmpm

T " ykefuefolav; " trnfay;xm;onfh pmtkyfi,fonf wESpfav;}udrfxkwfa0aom e,l;-b&ef0pfcf ,leD AmpDwD. (1986)ckESpf rdk;OD;us "0da&m"d " pmapmifrS " The Little Conspirator " tm; bmomjyefqdkjcif; jzpfygonf?

,if;aqmif;yg;onf &dkref/ trf/ abmfa&udk; ESifh tif'&D,ma0: wdk@u rl&if; ydkvefbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefa0xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

t=urf;rzuf 'Drdkua&pDta&;}udK;yrf;ae=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf taxmuftuljyKrnf[k ,lq ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tpmtkyfu tm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awGudkoHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf?

xdk@jyif pmtkyfxJwGif “zwfyg” “zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg”/ wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg” qdkwJh trSmvnf;yg ygonf?

odk@&mwGif Oya'/ yk'fr rsm;onf ydkvefOya'rsm;om jzpfygonf?

ykefuefolav;

ed'gef;

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'geJ@ usaemfwdk@vnf; 'Dpmtkyfudk xkwfa0cGifh&zdk@eJ@/ wcsdK@r&Sif;wJhtcsufawGudkar;zdk@ “ykefuefolav; ” xkwfa0olawGudk “aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;” vrf;a=umif; uwqifh csOf;uyfcJh=uygw,f? olwdk@&Jh ueOD;wkef@jyefcsuf uawmh cyfjywfjywfbJ³³³ “xkwfa0cGifh ray;Edkifbl; ”wJh? 'D ajratmufvufpGJpmapmifav;[m ydkvefjynf jyify rSm b,folu pdwf0ifpm;rSmvJqdkwm&,f/ bma=umifh usaemfwdk@u'kuQcH+yD; 'Dvdk&l;a=umifa=umiftvkyfawGudk vkyfae&wmvJ³³³qdkwmawGudk em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfaeygw,f? taemufEdkifiHu y&dowfawG 'DvufpGJpm apmifav;udk bma=umifh pdwf0ifpm;=ur,fqdkwmudk tawmfav; aqG;aEG;+yD;awmhrS xkwfa0cGifh jyKvdkuf=uygw,f? awG@qHkar;jref;zdk@vnf; cGifhjyKcJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ar;cGef;awGudk pmeJ@a&;ar;cJh+yD;/ tajzawGudk vnf; =um;cHyk*~dKvfawGuwqifhbJ &cJhygw,f? usaemfwdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;cGifh&cJhwJhol[m “ppfa=uma&;upm;yGJ” tcef;udk a&;cJholvdk@ ,Hk=unf&ygw,f? olu emrnfrazmfcsifbJaevdk+yD;/ ckvdk ynm&Sifrsm;&Jh ar;jref;jcif;cH&wmudkvnf; odwf}udKufyHkr&ygbl;? tcsuftvuf jynfhjynfhpHkpHkay;vdkuf&if CND xkwfa0a&; wdkuf&Jh vHk+cHKr_udk xdcdkufrSm olpdk;&drfwmvdk@ em;vnfEdkifygw,f?

“ykefuefolav; ”pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwm ydkvefrSm rm&S,favma=unmt+yD; &mZowf}uD;eJ@ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'wdk@udk rjyifqifrD a&;om;xkwfa0cJhwmyg? tJ'Dumv[m (1982)aEGOD; jzpfzdk@rsm;wmu rwf vavmufuyg? “quf&ef&Sdao;onf” CND xkwfa0a&;wdkuf[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;utrnfwl ajratmuftpk wpk&Jh tpdwftydkif;wckyg? 'Dtpkudk (1981) 'DZifbm(13)&uf csufavm'DvufuD;1u rm&S,favma=unmt+yD;/ wdkufyGJ0ifol(200) odk@r[kwf(300)&JhtultnDeJ@ 0gaqmrSm xlaxmifcJhygw,f? tkyfpk&Jh oauFwpmvHk;}uD; CNDay:rSm ydkveftvH aemufjyefvGifhaewJhyHk[m yxrawmh &ifxdk;awGtjzpfay:vm+yd;/ aemufawmh vrf;ab; tkwfeH&HawGeJ@ wHwdkif;awGay:udk (1982)Zefem0g&DrSm a&mufvmygw,f?

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rod&ayr,fh/ trsm;tjym;udk tcrJhjzef@cJhwmyg? ykefuefolav;[m (25)uae(50)ZavmfwD(1982)arSmifcdkaps;eJ@ qdk tar&duefa':vm(5)qifhrS(10)qifh wefzdk;&SdrSmyg? 'Dvrf;a=umif;awGubJwqifh pmapmifa&mif;&aiGawGudk xkwfa0olqD jyefydk@ay;=uygw,f?

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ydkvefjynfwv$m; jyef@usJaewJhtpkav;awGudk erlemyHkpHHay;EdkifcJh+yD; b,fvdkykefuef&r,fqdkwJh owif; tcsuftvufudkvnf;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? xkwfa0olawGuawmh ol@pmapmifav;udk b,favmuftxd tusdK;jyKcJh w,fqdkwm xifjrifcsufay;avmufatmif ta&;r}uD;bl;vdk@xifovdk b,favmufxda&mufr_&SdcJhw,fqdkwmudk ppfa=um=unfhvdkpdwfvnf; r&Sdygbl;?

“v#dK@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@&J@ ppfa=uma&;t&m&SdawG&Jh wkef@jyefyHkudkawmh od&w,fAsm? olwdk@ b,fvdkenf;awGoHk; wwfw,fqdkwm usaemfwdk@ odxm;wmudk/ pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfwmawmh aocsmw,f?

“a[haumif³³³ “you” udkrif;zwf+yD;r[kwfvm;? rzwf&ao;bl;vm;? rif;!$ef=um;csufawG &xm;+yD;

+yDayghav³³³ [kwfvm;? rif;wdk@&Jh “you” qdkwm t&l;wa,mufua&;xm;wmuG? 'DaumifhrSm Oya'eJ@

ywfoufvdk@ bmA[kokwrSr&Sdbl;?”

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“'kwd,ydkif;uawmh jyefa&;&r,f? tcsuftvufopfawG xyfjznfh&r,f? yxrydkif;rSmvnf; jyifp&mawG

&Sdao;w,f? txl;ojzifh v#dK@0SufykvdyftzGJ@&Jh axmufvSrf;a&;enf;pepfawGrSmaygh? w,fvDzkef; =um;jzwf

em;axmifwm toHcdk;em;axmifwm pwJh apmifh=unfha&;enf;pepfawGaygh ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;

awGrSm 'geJ@ywfoufvdk@ ,Hk=unf&avmufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGuvnf; csdK@wJhwma=umifh &Dp&m

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ေျမေအာက္အစုဟာကုမၸဏီတခုလိုဘဲႀကီးထြားလာတဲ့အခါကုမၸဏီခြဲေတြလိုလာတယ္။ရွိလာ

ရတယ္။ဒါကို ဘာလို႔လဲဆိုတာ အရင္ၾကည့္ဖို႔ အေျခခံ ေအာက္ေျခယူနစ္ကစရမယ္။(အရင္ မိုးပ်ံတဣသိုလ္ ပုံစံလိုဘဲ အေျခအေနက လိုအပ္လာၿပီဆိုတာေသခ်ာေတာ့မွ ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာေတြရုိက္ဖို႔ပံုႏွိပ္စက္ေတြေထာင္၊ဒီပံုႏွိပ္စက္ေတြကပဲတရားမဝင္ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာအုပ္ေတြအတြက္ စာၾကည့္တိုက္ေတြေထာင္ခဲ့ၾကတယ္။

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ukefpnf

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owif;ydk@p&m&Sd&ifvnf; owif;udk aocsmatmifjyifqif+yD; csa&;xm;&r,f? 'grSr[kwf&if tcsuf tvufawG vGJacsmfoGm;Edkifw,f? arhoGm;Edkifw,f? twif;tzsif;tjzpf ,kwfavsmhoGm;edkifw,f?

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tckvdk ysufpD;usqHk;aewJh uGefjrLepf0g'acwf}uD;rSm(1940)ckv,fuwnf;uwGuf&if udk,fhvkyftm;&Jh toD;tyGifhudkcHpm;EdkifwmrSm usaemfwdk@ ydkvefajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGrSm yxrrsdK;qufbJ? 'Dt&omudk cHpm;yg? oifhtcsdefudk aumif;pGmtoHk;csyg?

Oyrmjy&&if -- oifhudk OD;‘u’eJ@ OD;‘c’udkawG@ay;zdk@ =um;vl OD;‘*’uwqifh pDpOfcdkif;w,fqdkygpdk@? OD;‘*’ udk OD;‘u’u OD;‘c’udkawG@csifygw,f cifAsvdk@ oGm;ajym+yD;tcsdefrjzKef;ygeJ@? OD;‘*’udk 'kwd,t}udrfxyfawG@r,fh tpm;/ OD;‘c’udkawG@+yD; wcgxJ tpDtpOfudkajymyg?

'gayr,fh OD;‘u’u OD; ‘c’udk awG@csifwJhta=umif;ajymwJhtcg/ awG@zdk@tcsdefae&mudk wcgwnf;ajymvdkuf yg? tcsdefae&mwckck tqifrajywm&Sd&if xyf+yD;twnfjyKcsuf,lzdk@ rvdkyg? 'grsdK;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@ t&Hae&meJ@ tcsdefudk oifyxrqufoG,f&r,fhyk*~dKvfudk ajympOfuwnf;u wcgxJay;xm;vdkufyg?

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b¾ma&;

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tpnf;ta0;rsm;

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tajymif;tvJtaejzifh oifu vrf;avsmufoGm;vdk[efaqmifI bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrSxGufvdkufyg? tquftoG,fu oifhaemufudkvdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

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qufom;

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rSwfpkpmtkyfrsm;

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အိမ္(သို႔)အခန္းတခန္းရဲ႔နံပါတ္ကိုဘဲေရးပါ၊လမ္းနဲ႔တျခားဟာေတြကိုေခါင္းထဲမွာပဲမွတ္ထားပါ၊လိုအပ္သမွ်သာခဲတံနဲ႔ေရးထား

တာအေကာင္းဆုံးပါဘဲ၊ကိစၥၿပီးယင္အလြယ္တကူဖ်က္လိုက္လို႕ရတာေပါ႕၊မွင္မသုံးပါနဲ႕၊သင္ေဘာပင္နဲ႕အေပၚကဟိုျခစ္ဒီျခစ္

ေရွာက္ျခစ္ထားရုံနဲ႔ေအာက္မွေရးထားတာကပ်က္သြားတာမဟုတ္ဘူး၊

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emusifjcif;

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qdkAD,ufyHkpHoGif;jcif;udk qef@usifjcif;

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a=umuf±GH@jcif;

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EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf

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တို႕ဟာစစ္ေၾကာေရးမွာသုံးေလ့ရွိတဲ့နည္းလမ္းေတြကိုနဲနဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္သိထားဖို႕ောကာင္းပါတယ္၊ဖ်ားမသြားပါနဲ႕၊ခင္ဗ်ားဘဝအေၾကာင္းေတာ္ေတာ္အေသးစိတ္က်တာေလးေတြေျပာလိုက္လို႕ဖ်ားမ

သြားပါနဲ႕၊ဒါေတာင္သိေနမွေတာ့အကု္လံုးသိေနေလာက္ေရာေပါ့လို႕အလြယ္တကူေကာက္ခ်က္မခ်လိုက္ပါနဲ႕၊သူတို႕မသိပါဘူး၊သင့္ပိုေပ်ာ့သြားေအာင္လုပ္ဖို႕နည္းေဟာင္းႀကီးကိုသံုးတာပါ၊သင့္အ

ေၾကာင္းတခ်ိဳ႕တ၀က္ သင့္မိတ္ေဆြေတြကိုစစ္ယင္းရသြားတာျဖစ္ေကာင္းျဖစ္ႏုိင္ပါ၊သင့္မိတ္ေဆြကလည္းအမွဳနဲ႕ဘာမွမဆိုင္တဲ့ဒီအခ်က္ကိုေျပာၿပီး၊စစ္ေဆးသူေခါင္းရွဳပ္သြားေအာင္ၾကိဳးစားခဲ့တာပါ၊ဒီနည္းနဲ႕တဖက္သား

ကိုတပါတ္ရုိက္ႏိုင္လမ့္မယ္လို႕ထင္ခဲ့တာပါ၊

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အတြက္အေရးမႀကီးေတာ့ပါဘူး၊ခင္ဗ်ားကစကားေျပာခ်င္စိတ္မရွိဘူး၊ကိုယ့္ကိုကိုယ္ကာကြယ္ခ်င္တယ္၊ဒါမွမဟုတ္

လည္းခင္ဗ်ားတို႕တိုက္ပြဲရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္နဲ႕နည္းလမ္းေတြဟာ ဘယ္ေလာက္မြန္ျမတ္သန္႕စင္တယ္ဆိုတာ ေျပာေကာင္း ေျပာလိုေပလိမ့္မယ္။ဘာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ေလ ခင္ဗ်ားစကားေျပာလာၿပီဆိုၿပီးတာဘဲ။

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wae@us&if 'D[mawG[m toHk;0ifaumif;0ifvmygvdrfhr,f?

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8. OD;‘u’}uD;eJ@ awG@+yD;rSawmh rif;oli,fcsif;awGu olwdk@odwm &dk;&dk;om;om; tukefajymae+yDqdkwm rif; oHo,jzpfp&m rvdkawmhygbl;uGm? rif;wdk@ta=umif; 'dk@tm;vHk;odxm;+yD;omqdkwm rif;ckawmhod+yD r [kwfvm;? wu,ftawG@t}uHK&ifhwJh vufaxmufawGuawmh tazmfeJ@vkyfwJhtr_ qdkwm tzrf;cH& wmeJ@ ay:awmhrSmbJqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG? vlrsm;rsm;ygav 'dk@twGuf vG,fulavbJ? olv#dKr_/ aiGtvGJoHk;pm;r_/ vdrfvnfr_tm;vHk; 'Dvdkcsnf;bJ? rif;=unfhav 'Dvdktr_rsdK; rSm taES;eJ@tjref wa,mufa,mufu pajymwmcsnf;bJuG? rif;wdk@tr_wGJbJ=unfhav/ rif;wa,mufuvGJvdk@ vlwdkif;u ajymae+yD? rif;awmhemawmhrSmbJ? =unfhav³³³tqHk;usawmh tm;vHk;uudk,fvGwf&Hk;=uawmhwmbJ? wa,mufudkwa,muf v$Jcsvdk@/ rajymwJholu "g;pmcH jzpfrSmbJ? aemufrS usaemfajymygawmhr,fqdk&if odyfaemufusoGm;+yD udk,fhvl? w&m;&Hk;uvnf; t&ifqHk;zGifhajymwJholudk ,HkwmbJuG? uJ--rif; oli,f csif; OD;‘u’}uD;&JhxGufqdkcsufudk jyef=unfh&atmif? oluajymawmh rif;u ol@udk vyfAvif(Lublin) eJ@ (Lodz) rSm csuGufaoawG pDpOfcdkif;cJhwmqdk? +yD;awmh rif;u bkef;awmf}uD; ³³³eJ@ tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdk@vnf; csdef;cdkif;cJhao; w,fqdkbJ?

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11. rif;u wu,fhudk ,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ pdwf"wftjynfheJ@vkyfwm igwdk@u odygw,f? rif; t wm? tawG@ t}uHKr&Sdwm? vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwf&SdwmawGudk olwdk@u toHk;csoGm;wmbJ? rif;udk 'Dvkyfief;awGxJ qGJoGif;oluvnf; wcsdK@tcsufawGudk eJeJ‘um;’ajymw,fuGm? (1980)=o*kwfv rwdkifcif(Gdansk) oabFmusif;tygt0if qENjyyGJrsm; woD}uD;jzpfcJh+yD;/ ‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ay:aygufvmonfh

tcsdefu wcsdK@ tpdk;&qHk;jzwfcsufawG rw&m;bl;qdkwm igwdk@oabmwlygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif;vnf; 'DvdkygbJqdkwm [kwfygw,fuGm/ bmbJjzpfjzpfav rif;uawmh olwdk@toHk;csoufoufjzpfae+yD? rif;u awmh olwdk@b,folawGvJ/ olwdk@EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawGu bmawGvJ/ olwdk@rSm b,fvdk tquf toG,fawG&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;uawmh rod&Smbl;? OyrmuGm³³³rif;wdk@‘aoG;pnf; nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’ e,fajrcHt}uHay;[m pwmvifacwfu &J&Jawmuf bk&m;rJh0g'Dqdkwm rif;odvm;? *dkrlum(Gomulka) acwfu 0dkif;Zif;o,f (AD,ifem&Hk;pdkuf emZDrkqdk; Simon Wiesenthal &Jh olv#dKjzpfcJhbl;wm rif;odvm;? taemufEdkifiHb%frSm pm&if;zGifhxm;wm rif;odvm;? abmufpf0yf*Gef; um;}uD;pD;aewmaum rif; odvm;? oluawmh ol@woufwm zlvHkae+yDuG? rif;&Jh &dk;&dk;ukwfukwf aeygw,fqdkwJh acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;‘u’}uD;uvnf; v#dK@0SufcsufawGeJ@bJuG? rm&S,favmumvu rif;wdk@tkyfpktwGuf taxmuftyHh tultnDawG a':vm b,favmuf&cJhw,fqdkwm rif;wdk@udk ajymjycJhzl;ovm;? b,fol@qDu&w,fqdk wmaum rajymbl;vm;? jiif;r&wJh oufaocHawG =unfhcsifao;ovm;?

12. rif;rSmuav;&Sdvm;/ r&Sdbl; [kwfvm;? 0rf;enf;ygw,fuGm? igarhoGm;vdk@yg/ aumif;wmaygh? tJ'godyf aumif;wmaygh? vleJeJbJcH&av aumif;avayhguGm? 'gayr,fh wckawmh&Sdw,f? rif;tjypf&oGm; &ifawmh aoG;qHk;ae+yDaem/ uav;&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdawmhbl;ayghuGm?

13. rif;udkppfaq;vdk@&wJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@ rif;udk olv#dKr_eJ@ &Hk;wifvdk@&w,f? rif;tr_udk ppfcHk&Hk;udk v$Jvdk@ &w,fqdkwm rif;odvm;? puf&Hk‘u’}ud;[m ppfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rSm ywfoufaew,fqdkwm rif; odvm;? P8 Xmeu bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwmaum rif;odvm;? rodbl;r[kwfvm;? P8 puf&Hk tvkyf orm;awGxJu b,folawG rif;qDu aiGeJ@tpm;tpmawG &aew,fqdkwm igwdk@odw,f? ‘tzdESdyfcHrsm; twGuftultnD’vdk@awmh emrnfcHwmayghuGm? olwdk@csif; b,fvdk tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr_&Sdw,fqdkwm rif;rodbl;? 'g axmufvSrf;a&;vkyfief;uG/ rif; igwdk@ajymwm,HkyguGm? ppfvufeufxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;u tvkyfjzKwfcH&olawG&Jh trnfawG/ vdyfpmawG &r,fqdk&if b,faxmufvSrf;atzGJ@urqdk aiGay;rSmbJuG? b,fol t&ufaomufvGefvdk@ tvkyfjzKwfcH&w,f qdkwmawmif olwdk@u odcsif ao;w,f? oydwform;awmh rajymeJ@awmhayghuGm? rif; igajymwm em;axmifprf;yg? axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDwcktwGuf olwdk@tm;vHk;[m tvm;tvm&Sdaom olv#dKawGbJ? rif;u tJ'Dolv#dKpkaqmif; a&;vkyfief;rSmygaewm rif;odvm;? rif;u rodvdk@ vkyfae wmvm;? olv#dKvkyfief; Zmwf&_wf}uD;xJygae wmudk rodavmufatmif t aewmvm;awmh igwdk@ rodbl;ayghuGm? rif;udk igwdk@ rsm;rsm;rar;ygbl;? 'Dukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;rSm rif;tjyif b,folygao;vJ qdkwmudk igu odcsifwmyg? 'gav;ygbJuG? 'gu wu,fudk ukodkvfjzpfvkyfief;tppfjzpfw,fqdk&if b,folrSrxdcdkufap&ygbl;? rif;udkawmh wckowday; vdkufr,f? rif;udk 'dk@v$wfay;vdkuf+yD; odyfr=um cif rif; rawmfwqr_wckckeJ@awG@r,f? 'grSr[kwfvnf; udk,fhtdrfrSm aoa=umif;}uHwmudkbJjzpfjzpf awG@&vdrfhr,f? axmufvSrf;a&;XmeawGu olwdk@ bmvkyf& r,fqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,fuG?

14. rif;udk OD;‘u’u aiGawG c%c%ay;awm igwdk@odygw,fuG tJ'DxJu wcsdK@eJ@ rif;u aq;qdk;yef;&dkuf tvkyf&Hkav;axmifzdk@/ usefwJh ydkufqHudk txdef;odrf;cHrdom;pkawGudk axmufyHhzdk@ayghuGm? OD;‘u’}uD; u &dk;ygw,fuG/ olu 'dk@udk tukefvHk; tao;pdwfajymjyw,f? a':vmeJ@taemuf*smref‘rwf’aiGawG b,frSmvJw,f? ydkvefZavmhwD b,favmuf&w,fqdkwm igwdk@tukefodw,f? rif;uol@udk vufusef &Sif;wrf;ray;vdk@ eJeJawmh pdwfylaew,fuG? b,fol@udk b,favmufay;vdkuf&w,fqdkwm rif;u 'dk@udk rajymbl;ayghav? at; ³³³aumif;ygw,fuGm? 0g'jzef@csda&;twGufawmh 'Dvdkjzpfwm ydkaumif;wmayghuGm? rif;udk tao;pm; aiGtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfol/ vlvdrftjzpfeJ@ igwdk@u &Hk;wifr,f? odyfudkaumif;wJhtr_ ayghuGm? “}uD;rdkufvl&_wf}uD;or*~ ydkufqH,l+yD;awmh ajratmufol&Jaumif; [efaqmifjcif;”ayghuGm? nuvyfawGrSm rif; b,fvdkydkufqHjzKef;cJhw,fqdkwm usrf;}udrf+yD; oufao xGufr,fholawG wyHk}uD;&Sdaew,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? 'dk@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;aewJh zmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f qdkwm rif;odygw,f? rif;rSm a&G;p&m(2)ckbJ&Sdw,f? 'dk@ar;wmajz+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; tzGJ@0ifawGudk &Hk;wif wJh tr_wGJxJygrvm;? EdkifiHa&;t& odyfudkta&;}uD;wJh/

xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfawGeJ@twlayghuGm? 'grSr[kwf OD;aESmufr&SdbJ ckvdkjiif;ae+yD; w&m;cH0uf+cHxJrSm xdkifrvm;? 0gaqmw+rdK@vHk;u zmawGu rif;tr_twGuf oufaoxGuf=urSmuG? pOf;pm;ayghuGm rif;a&G;wJhtwdkif;ygbJ?

15. rif; tckvdk acgif;rmwm/ E_wfqdkwfaewm[m rif;wa,mufxJemrSm r[kwfbl;/ wjcm;vlawGvnf; emrSm? rif;tcef;u 'dk@&SmawG@wJh vufurf;pmapmifa&S@tzHk;rSm a': ‘c’ acG;&Jhzkef;eHygwf awG@xm; w,fuG? 'dk@u ol@udkzrf;xm;+yD;+yD? olu odyf+yD;pdwf"wf}uH@cdkifolr[kwfbl;qdkwm rif;odygw,f? ol@rSm uav; wa,mufvnf; usefcJhw,fuG? ol@qDuxGufcsuf 'dk@&xm;+yD;+yD? reufzefus&ifol@udk axmifxJrSm qufxm;rvm;§v$wfypfrvm;qdkwm 'dk@qHk;jzwfr,f? uHqdk;csifawmh ol@xGufcsufawGu a0hvnfa=umifywfeJ@ odyftm;aysmhvGef;w,f? tpdk;&a&S@aeu ol@udk axmifxJrSmbJ qufxm;awmh rSm igpdk;&drfw,fuGm? rif; 'dk@ar;wm rajzbl;qdk&if/ ol@zkef;eHywfudk b,fu&cJhw,fqdkwm rajymbl; qdk&ifawmh tpdk;&a&S@aeu 'DvdkbJ vkyf&awmhrSmbJ?

16. rif;&Jh tcspfqHk;rdwfaqG r‘*’i,f&JhxGufcsufa=umifh tckvdktzrf;cH&w,fqdkwm rif;aumif;aumif; odyg w,f? olu =um=umrcHEdkifbl;avuGm? olu 'dk@udk &dk;&dk;om;om;jynfhjynfhpHkpHk xGufcsufvnf; ay;+yD;a&m wcgxJ &kwfw&uf t&kwf}udK;jywfusoGm;awmhwmbJ? owfaozdk@ }udK;pm;awmhwmbJ? 'dk@ pdwfa&m*g q&m0efuajymwmawmh pdwfusa&m*gwJh? ol@udk tck txl;aqmifrSmxm;vdkuf+yD? tJ'Dtaqmif&Jhtajc taeu usef;rmoefpGrf;wJh a,musfm;wa,mufawmif &ifqdkifzdk@rvG,fbl;? 'Daumifrav;udk rif;u rif;&Jh tpdk;&qef@usifa&;tkyfpkxJ xnfhvdkufwm 'dk@odygw,f? rif;u ol@t xufu/ ckawmh 'Duav;rav;&Jh aemifa&;u rif;vufxJrSm? rif;qDu 'dk@xGufcsuf&&if/tif; ³³³ qdkygawmhuGm³³³rif;u ol@udk *'ef@(Gdansk)oabFmusif;udk oHk;av;acgufv$wfw,f? ajratmuf pmapmifawGjzef@csd&mrSm eJeJyg;yg;avmuf ygcJhw,fqdkwmavmufeJ@qdk&ifawmh 'dk@u ol@udkcsufcsif; v$wfvdkufrSmbJ? 'dk@udk ,HkyguGm? 'dk@uvnf; axmifxJrSm ckvdkowfaowmawG c%c%rjzpf apcsifygbl;? oluawmh cktcsdefrSm bmrqdkvkyfEdkif w,faem? uJ³³³'dk@wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnf Edkif+yDvm;? tvGefoem;p&maumif;wJh pdwfusa&m*g &aewJh rdef;uav;wa,muf&Jh vGwfajrmufa&; [m rif;vufxJrSm&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk?

17. rif;eJ@aphpyfxm;wJh/ rif;eJ@twlzrf;rdwJh aumifrav;u rif;udk umuG,fzdk@awmh }udK;pm;aewmbJuG? olu 'dk@udkajymjyawmh tawmf=um+yDuG? ol@xGufcsufxJu wcsdK@udk 'dk@zwfjyr,f? tcspfpdwfv$rf; aewJh rdef;rawGxHk;pHayghuGm? olvkyfcJhwmawG yHk}uD;csJ@ajym/ rif;vkyfcJhwmawG av#mhajym? 'DyHk twdkif; qdk oluawmh axmif'%ftawmfwefae+yDuG? rif;odwJhtwdkif;bJ olurvnfbl;av? vlwdkif;u vnf; rif;vdk acgif;rrmbl;? igh tawG@t}uHKt&ajym&&if/ igrif;udkajym&§r&awmh rodbl;ayghuGm? rif; Bridge zJ upm;wwfvm;? upm;wwfw,f/ [kwfvm;? ajymjyprf;yguGm? aumif;aumif; upm;wwfwmeJ@ nHhnHhupm;wwfwm b,f[mu ydkvG,fovJqdkwm em;axmifprf;? rif;om wu,faumif;aumif;upm;wwf&if yGJudka&S@uOD;aqmif&w,fuG? rif;omajymr,fqdk&if rif;xGuf csuftwdkif; igu 'Daumifrav;udk ppf&rSmbJ? ol@xGufcsuftwdkif; ppfp&mrvdkbl;? wu,fawmh ig rif;udk tckvdk&Sif;rjy&bl;? rif;udk *k%foa&&Sd vl}uD;vlaumif;vdk@ igrxifbl;uG? zmacgif;awmif rif; xufydk+yd; udk,fhoduQmudk,fxdef;Edkifao;w,f? b,fvdkvJ? ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm; ol&Jaumif; }uD;&Jh? xGD³³³ tvum;aumif? aumifrav;u ol@udk,fol yHkcsaeor# rif;u at;at;aq;aq; xdkifapmifhvdk@?

18. tpdk;&qef@usifa&;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk rif;tcef;(rif;rSm tcef;vnf;r&Sdygbl;)u rdwmr[kwfbl;? rif; rdbawG&Jhtcef;u rdw,fqdkwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? rif;taz b,frSmvkyfw,f/ ol@&mxl;u bmqdk wm rif;odygw,f? rif;uawmh 'Dpm&Gufpmwrf;awG b,fu&w,fqdkwm 'dk@udkckxd rajymao;bl;? 'gqdk &if 'gawGudk rif;tazqDu&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmbJ? [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;? igwdk@uawmh 'Dvrf;ajrSmifav; udk&Smzdk@ qHk;jzwfxm;+yD;+yD? igajymwm,Hkprf;yguGm? 'dk@uvkyfr,fqdk&if/ vkyf+yDqdk&if rifhtazawmh udpPt jywfbJ? igtrSwfrrSm;bl;qdk&if rif;tazu yifpif,lzdk@(2)ESpfbJ vdkawmhwmbJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;?

19. rif;u i,fvnf;i,f ^m%fvnf;xufwJhrdef;uav;wa,mufbJ? rif;rSm t,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawG/ tpDtpOfawG&SdrSmbJ? 'gayr,fh ppfa=uma&;wavsmufvHk; rif;u wu,fh iwHk;wa,mufvdkygbJvm;? wckck ,l cJw,f? wckckudk tjcm;wae&mudk v$Jay;vkdufw,f? wa,mufa,mufeJ@ awG@cJhw,f/ 'gbJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh uGm³³³ ‘u’}uD;uqdk ol@EdkifiHa&;tjrifhawGudk tpD&ifcHpm t&Snf}uD;a&;ay;w,f? 'gqdk 'dk@uvnf; ol@udk EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftjzpf &Hk;wifvdk@ &wmaygh? rif;usawmh ol@&Jhr,m;/ ajratmufvkyfief;oHk;,m,Dtazmf rdef;uav;wa,muftjzpfbJ ajymvkd@&awmhrSm? 'D[mu rif;eJ@ vdkufyghrvm;qdkwm igawmh odyfraocsmbl;?

20. ‘ajratmuftzGJ’qdkwJhxJu rif;oli,fcsif;awGvkyfaeyHkuawmh wu,fhudk taysmfwrf;qefvGef;w,f? ajratmufpnf;urf;awGudkvnf; rvdkufembl;? rif;t&ifwcgtzrf;cH&wmvnf; 'DaumifawG ayghaygh qqvkyfvdk@/ toHk;rusvdk@bJ? rif;uawmh olwdk@xuf trsm;}ud;omw,f? yg&*lwa,mufbJqdkwm igwdk@ odw,f? rif;a&;xm;wJh pnf;urf;awG('D[m rif;a&;w,fqdkwm igwdk@odygw,fuG? ‘u’}uD;u ajymxm; +yD;+yD?)twdkif; vdkufem&if rif;wdk@tpkudk rdzdk@rvG,fbl;? uHqdk;csifawmh rif;u tvum; aumifawGeJ@oGm; aygif;rdwmudk;uG? rif;uawmh wu,fhvlawmfyg? 'dk@u tvkyfudkaocsmvkyfwwf wJholawGudk oabmus ygw,f? w&m;&Hk;ppfcsufrSwfwrf;awG[m(wjcm; rif;a&S@utpkawGvdkbJ) wcsdefus ordkif;okawoDawGt wGuf ordkif0ifypPnf;jzpfrSm aocsmw,f? tJ'Dordkif;okawoDawGu rif;wdk@tpkudk wu,fhpnf;&Hk;r_&dSwhJ EdkifiHa&;t&&ifhusufwJhtpktjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? iaygtkyfpkwpk tjzpf jrifapcsifovm;? ordkif;0ifusefapcsif&if rif;wdk@tpkudk taumif;jrifapcsif&if ajymuGm? rif;wdk@ owif;pmjzef@csda&;uGef,uf b,fvdk wnfaqmufxm;w,f qdkwmudk?

21. rif;u 'kwd,vdkif;xJrSmygw,f? aemifrSm ykvdyfeJ@ppfom;awGudk "gwfqDyHk;awGeJ@ypfr,fholawGaygh? rif;vdk aumifawG awG@zl;aygif;rsm;+yDuGm? a[haumif³³³'D'kwfudk =unfhprf;/ [dkzufvSnfhroGm;ygeJ@uG? ighvlawG u rif;udkbmrSrvkyfygbl;? 'dk@rSm tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f/ em;axmifprf; 'gawG rif;udk b,folay;wmvJ?

22. rif;a&S@upmtkyfudk=unfhprf;? 'gbmvJ? b,fola&;wmvJ? bmvdk@a&;wmvJ? rif;u yg;pyfydwf aew,f ayghav? aumif;vdkufwmuGm³³³? rif;u ckvdk aocsmyg;pyfydwfxm;zdk@ avhusifhoif=um; cHxm;&olbJ? t&ifwHk;uawmh KOR vufurf;pmapmifqdkwm &SdcJhbl;w,fuG? tJ'DxJrSm Oya' jyXmef;csufawGxJu xkwfE_wf+yD;/ trsdK;rsdK;vdrfaumuf+yD;zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsufawG ygw,f? ‘EdkifiHom;ESifhv#dK@0Sufykvdyf’qdkwJh tcef;rsdK;aygh? rif;a&S@u[mbJav? tJ'gbmvnf;qdkwm rif;odvm;? 'g olv#dKvkyfief;twGuf pHuswJh !$ef=um;v$mbJ? zrf;rdwJhtcsdef olv#dKwa,muf bmvkyf&r,fqdkwJh vufpGJpmapmifbJ? 'DvufpGJpmapmif &Jh tajccHu bmvJqdkwmrif;odvm;? 'DrSm tJ'D!$ef=um;csuf rdwWL? CIA ta&S@Oa&myXmecGJuae 'dk@&Jh wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;u &cJhwm? ‘OD;aESmuftaq;cH&jcif; udk wkef@jyef&mwGif tm;xm;Edkifaom avhusifhcef;tjzpf tm&Hka=umavhusifhcef;’qdkwmbJ? rif;a&S@u pmapmifeJ@ tcktcsuftvufawGeJ@ wdkuf=unfhav? tcsuf(22)csufvHk;[m twlwlbJ? rwlbl;vm;/ rif;uawmh E_wfqdwfaewkef;bJ? olv#dKvufpGJxJu !$ef=um;csufawGtwdkif; vdkufemaewkef;bJ r[kwfvm;? ?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

akcja N. Wspomnienia 1941-1944 [Action N. Recollection of 1941-1944]. Pracazbiorowa. Warszawa. Czytelnik, 1972.

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Tajny ruch wydawniczy w Warszawie w latach 1939-1944 [Clandestine Publishing Activity in Warsaw, 1939-1944]. Studia warszawie, Warszawalat wojny I okupacji. Zeszyt 3, 1974.

Bartoszewski Wladyslaw. Organizacja malego sabotazu “Wawer” w warszawie (1940-1944) [The “Wawer” a Small Sabotage Organization in Warsaw (1940-1944). Najnowsze dzieje Polski, Materialy I studia zolerus II wojny swiatowej.

Vol. X. 1966.

Drogi cichociemnych. [Roads of Grey and Silent Soldiers] Opwiadania zebrine I opracowane przez Kolo Spadochroniarzy Armii Krajowej. Wyd. 3. Londyn. 1972. Veritas.

Jankowski Stanislaw. Z falszywym ausweisem w prawdziwej Waszawie [With a false ID in the True Warsaw]. Tom 1-2. Warszawa. 1980. PIW.

Korbonski Stefan. W imieniu Rzeczpospolitej [In the name of the the Republic]. Toronto. 1979. Polskie Towarzystwo Podziemne.

Kreczmar Jan. Sytuacja aktora w okupowanej Warszawie [The Situation of an Actor in occupied Warsaw]. Odrodzenie nr 6/7. 1944.

Kucharzewski Jan. Od bialego do czerwonego caratu [From White to Red History]. Londyn. 1958. Veritas.

Kumar Emil, Wycinek z historii jednego zycia [Part of One Man’s Life History]. Warszawa. 1967. Pax.

Nowak jan (Zdzislaw jezioranski). Kurier z Warszawy [A courier form warsaw] Warszawa. 1979. NOWa.

Solzenitzyn Alexander. Archipelag Gualg [The Gulag Archipelago]. Paryz 1974.lnstytut Literacki.

Strzembosz Tomasz. Odbijanie Wieznioe w Warszawie 1939. 1944 [The Liberation of poisoners in Warsaw 1939.1944]. Warszawa 1972. PWN.

Strzembosz. Tomasz. Spoleczne I psychologizne problemy zolnierzy warszawskie dywersji [Social Psychlogical Problems of Soldiers in Warsaw Subversive Units]. Rocznik Warszawski. Tom XIV 1976.

Szarota Tomasz. Okupowanej dzien powszedni [Everyday Life in ccupied warsaw]. Warszawa, 1978, Wyd. 2. Czytelnik.

Walka o dobra kultury. Warszawa 1939-1945 [The Struggle Over Cultural Treasuies. Warsazawa 1939-1945]. Pod red. St. Lorentza. Tom 1-2. Warszawa. 1970. PIW.

Wojewodzki Michal. W tajnych drukarniach Warszawy 1939-1944. Wspomnienia [In Warsaw’s Clandestine Printing Shops 1939-1944. Recollections]. Warszawa. 1970. PIW.

Zaremba Zygmunt . Wojna I konspiracja [War and Conspiravy]. Londyn. 1957. Druk. B. Swiderski.

Z dziejow podziemnego Universytetu warszawskiego [From the History of the Uniderground Warsaw University]. Warszawa. 1961. Iskry

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ႏိုင္ငံေရး စာအုပ္မ်ား အြန္လိုင္းမွာဖတ္ရန္

ျမန္မာ့ၾကယ္ စာအုပ္စင္

ဗမာ့ၾကယ္ ကြန္ယက္စာအုပ္စင္ – စာအုပ္စာရင္း

ကလ်ာ

က်န္းမာေရး

ခင္ေဆြဦး

ခင္ႏွးယု

ဂ်ာနယ္ေက်ာ္မမေလး

ဂ်ာနယ္ေက်ာ္ဦးခ်စ္ေမာင္

ဂ်ဴး

ဆင္ျဖဴကၽြန္းေအာင္သိန္း

ဆန္းလြင္

ဇင္ေအး

ဇ၀န

ညီပုေလး

တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္

တကၠသုိလ္ဘုန္းႏိုင္

တာရာမင္းေ၀

တုိက္စုိး

ဒဂုန္ခင္ခင္ေလး

ဒဂုန္ေ႐ႊမွ်ား

နတ္ႏြယ္

နီကုိရဲ

နီတာဦး

ပါရဂူ

ဖိုးေက်ာ့

ဗဂ်ီေအာင္စုိး

ဗိုလ္ေအးေမာင္

မင္းလူ

မင္းသိခၤ

မုိးမုိး(အင္းလ်ား)

ရန္ေအာင္ေမာင္ေမာင္

လူထုဦးလွ

လူထုေဒၚအမာ

သခင္ကုိယ္ေတာ္မႈိုင္း

သခင္စုိး

သန္းေဆြ

သိန္းေဖျမင့္

သိပၸံေမာင္၀

သုခ

အီၾကာေကြး

အၾကည္ေတာ္

အ႐ွင္ဇနကာဘိ၀ံသ

ေငြၾကည္

ေဆြေဆြေအာင္

ေဇာ္ဂ်ီ

ေဒါက္တာသန္းထြန္း

ေဒၚခင္မ်ဳိးခ်စ္

ေမာင္ထြန္းသူ

ေမာင္သာႏိုး

ေသာ္တာေဆြ

ေအာင္ခန္႔

ေအာင္လင္း

ေအာင္သင္း

ေ၀ေ၀ေအာင္

ေ႐ႊဥေဒါင္း

ျမန္မာစာျမန္မာမႈ

ျမသန္းတင့္

၀င္းဦး

ၾကည္ေအး

ႏိုင္ငံေရးႏွင့္သမုိင္း